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建立人际资源圈加拿大paper代写精选：How is happiness related to pleasure and pain?
2017-04-21 来源: 51due教员组 类别: Paper范文
本篇加拿大paper代写讲了：亚里士多德是西方科学和哲学史上最具影响力的思想家之一，为逻辑，形而上学，数学等作出贡献。在尼古拉伦伦理学中，亚里士多德最着名和有意义的作品之一，关于在当前社会中仍然有意义的幸福理论已被彻底地展示出来。本篇加拿大paper代写由51due论文代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。
As is known to all, Aristotle is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of western science and philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics and so on. In Nicomachean Ethics, one of Aristotle’s most famous and meaningful works, a theory about happiness which is still meaningful in current society has been demonstrated thoroughly. Epicurus also comes up with theory of happiness in his book. Actually, Aristotle and Epicurus both spent much time on the topic happiness and how is it related to pleasure and pain. This paper will examine Aristotle and Epicurus’s view on happiness and compare strengths and weakness respectively to further discuss which is more plausible.
Aristotle’s view
Aristotle has explored the theory about happiness in his famous work Nicomachean Ethics. Even after thousand years, the theory still prevails in current society. The main problems which Aristotle is eager to solve in his book are people’s final goal for living. What should we put on the first place when we doing all kinds of activities. It is really common to see people pursue what they think is good: fortune, pleasure, honor and so on. Indeed, these are something valuable that people are eager to occupy. Nevertheless, all of them are not the final goal for people to pursue. Actually, self-sufficient will be achieved if people find end goal.
“We choose them also for the sake of happiness” (8), and it must be achievable for human beings. According to Aristotle, almost every person would claim happiness as their ultimate goal as they may realize all the dreams when they are happy. In other words, they pursue the specific things like wealth and good fame because they believe these things will make they feel happy. This means happiness is the end in itself and all the other things are parts of the happiness.
To further examine Aristotle’s viewpoints about happiness, we must first analyze and find out what is virtue. Aristotle says “virtue will be the sort of state to do the best actions in connection with pleasures and pains”(26). He believes that people should realize happiness and perfect life by virtuous acts. Based on his description, the definition of virtue can be learned as a good state that people presents his function well. To be more specific, keeping things in moderation is virtue. People’s function is to reason which makes people stay in moderation zone. If you can control yourself and not excess the certain extent, this is moderation. For instance, drug, alcohol abuse is the excess and restrain themselves is the moderation. Aristotle thinks that moderation is the way for people to fulfill happiness.
Epicurus’s view
As for Epicurus, he puts forward that happiness is good and lack of pain. He thinks that pain is harmful for people to get happiness. Although Epicurus also admits and emphasizes the importance of pleasure, he do not encourage people to purse pleasure to achieve happiness. Unlike Aristotle, Epicurus encourage people to avoid and escape from pain to be happy. Specifically, Epicurus summarize several methods to show how to escape from pain: relinquish the fear of death and Gods; The good things is easily available while the bad things is easily tolerant.
Epicurus claims that fear of Gods or death is not good for being happy. Actually, people should not fear Gods. Gods already achieve his ultimate goal and would not do harm to those who are still on the long way of realizing end goal. Secondly, death should not be feared as it is inevitable. Unless you are alive, death would not come. It is just a moment. In addition, Epicurus thinks that it is our natural instincts make us seek the good and avoid pain and bad things. In this case, people should just follow their natural desires to pursue good, which is not difficult. As for the viewpoints that the bad things are easily tolerant, Epicurus also has his own explanation: the bad things often create pain. Similarly, it is our natural instincts that allow us to neglect the pain and choose to pay more attention to its opposite aspect, namely the pleasure. These specific methods composed by Epicurus can help people to attain happiness.
Analysis and comparison
Actually, both Aristotle and Epicurus believe that happiness is the ultimate goal for people to pursue during their lifelong time. However, their thoughts differ in the way and method of attaining happiness. There are weaknesses in both Aristotle and Epicurus’s viewpoints on happiness.
It is an irrefutable fact that Aristotle’s viewpoints indeed are very influential and helpful for the public. Nevertheless, he focuses too much on the abstracts. There is weakness in his claims. He puts forward that virtue is the way of achieving happiness and claims moderation(mean) is the best state to attain happiness. Nevertheless, moderation is a very subjective criteria as different people may have various judgment on the mean and moderation. What is more, the extent and concept of moderation may vary in different cultural context and differ in different times. In this case, Aristotle’s theory of happiness based on a relatively unstable definition is not very persuasive in modern society.
In comparison, Epicurus’s viewpoints seems more plausible because his theory is based on people’s natural instincts, which is more stable and will not change with time going by. Pleasure usually is the method of attaining happiness. The pain should be avoid if we want to pursue happiness. This is more logically correct. According to Aristotle, a virtuous people may be happy. What if his virtue may cause troubles for him and the pain will follow? Besides, what will the things going to be if virtuous people are mentally happy but physically painful? As a result, Aristotle may neglect a logical fallacy on this point and Epicurus’s viewpoints are more reasonable. As far as I am concerned, Epicurus’s viewpoints are more persuasive when it refers to the methods of getting happiness.
Conclusion
In summary, Epicurus and Aristotle believe that happiness is what people pursue as the end goal during their lifelong time. However, their differences lie in the specific methods and ways to attain happiness. Aristotle thinks virtue and moderation can help people to be happy. Epicurus believes happiness can be attained when people have pleasure and lack of pain. Actually, both of their views are very meaningful and influential. But we should combine the current situation in modern society when refers to their theory of happiness.
