Risky Sexual Behavior and Environmental Predictors--论文代写范文

母亲的交互以及性的观念,会影响青少年对性的理解。母亲的态度是不太可能的，参与早期性活动。家庭是一个动态的元素，在一个青少年的生活。它有助于为交际的孩子提供价值和规范。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。

Researchers have identified four factors that they consider “multi-factorial” in influencing risky sexual behavior in adolescents (Zwane et al., 2004). The first influence is social pressure. Many adolescents are encouraged by society to experiment with sex and to enhance their physical attractiveness. Other contributing factors include easy access to family cars and unsupervised time at home. Adolescents have more opportunity to get away with and engage in risky behaviors with the frequent absence of parents. This idea leads to the final factor that researchers Zwane, Mngadi , and Nxumalo found. The composition of the family structure has changed in recent years, which contributes to sexual experimentation among the adolescent population. Most research has focused on two key areas; the effect of family configuration and the effect of family involvement (Davis & Friel, 2001). 

  Family structure typically measures whether an adolescent lives in a home with one or two parents present, whether the parents are married, and whether they are the biological parents of the adolescent (Davis & Friel, 2001). Results in the Davis and Friel study illustrate that adolescents from intact, two-parent homes are more likely to begin having intercourse later in life than adolescents who come from a one-parent home. However, it is believed that girls in single-parent families are likely to engage in risky sexual behavior earlier than single-parent boys do (Miller & Moore, 1990). Davis and Friel also discussed the context of family in their research. It seems that the mother-child relationship is important when predicting an adolescent’s onset of sexual activity (2004). A mother’s interaction, along with her attitude toward discussion of sex, can affect an adolescent’s understanding of sex. 

  The more positive a mother’s attitude is toward discussion, the less likely the adolescent is to engage in early sexual activity. The family is a dynamic element in the life of an adolescent. It provides structure and guidance that helps socialize the child by providing values and norms. Therefore, the interference of the family unit can have adverse effects on adolescent behavior if he or she is not properly socialized (Davis & Friel, 2004). However, it is important to recognize the cultural differences in families, which can also explain why some adolescents engage in risky sexual behavior and others do not. The family cultural norms inform an adolescent as to what behavior is acceptable and appropriate (Pick & Palos, 1995).

 Risky Sexual Behaviors and Gender Roles 
  Other research has observed risky sexual behavior in adolescents from the view of their traditional gender role attitudes. Social norms about gender and a woman’s understanding of her power in a relationship can be very important in understanding and explaining risky sexual behavior (Amaro, 1995). There is a definite difference in the way each gender behaves sexually, which may be due to many explanations. The evolutionary theory proposes that men and women behave differently because they are enacting evolved mating strategies (Shearer, Hostermann, Gillen, & Lefkowitz, 2005). Another explanation denotes that men and women maintain different sexual scripts because they are socialized into society differently based on their gender (Shearer et al., 2005). This socialization impacts an individual’s cognitive schema regarding sexual aspects about themselves (Shearer et al., 2005). As stated earlier, cultural values about gender roles can influence a man or woman to engage in particular sexual activities. This might include the general interactive behavior between a man and a woman in a relationship, who initiates sex in a relationship, and how sex is enacted (Shearer et al., 2005). However, it has been identified that adolescent boys who internalize social norms regarding their masculine sexual role were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior (Shearer et al., 2005).

 Risky Sexual Behaviors and Self-Regulation/Risk Proneness 
  The concept of self-regulation and risk proneness has been identified in its relation to risky sexual behavior (Crockett, Raffaelli, & Shen, 2006). Self-regulation has been defined as the ability for one to regulate their behavior, attention, and activity according to internal and external demands (Crockett et al., 2006). Selfregulation contributes to a number of adaptive responses to life’s challenges and can be linked to a child’s competence. As illustrated by Wong (1999), egocentrism can increase the likelihood of risk-taking and experimentation. Children low in ego control typically report more substance use in adolescence, which is believed to increase risky sexual behavior (Crockett et al., 2006). The concept of self-regulation is believed to develop in childhood. During preschool years, parents begin mediating behavior, and a child develops symbolic representations, which lead to an emergence of internalized executive functions during the preschool years (Crockett et al., 2006). Stable individual differences in self-regulation tend to emerge in early childhood, as well (Crockett et al., 2006). According to Feldman and Weinberger, children who are able to develop strong regulatory skills are more likely to avoid risky behaviors in adolescence, including risky sexual behavior (1994).

  Risky proneness, also known as risk tolerance, has been identified as an attraction to the excitement of risky situations and poor decision-making (Crockett et al., 2006). Risk-prone individuals usually seek out dangerous or risky situations to fulfill their inner urges for excitement. Sensation-seeking adolescents have been linked to risky sexual behavior in a number of empirical studies. Individuals who seek excitement in risky activities will most likely engage in risky behavior because they will focus on the positive emotional outcomes that they believe will come from the experience, while ignoring the potential negative consequences that may result from participation in such activities (Crockett et al., 2006). The results of the study conducted by Crockett, Raffaelli, and Sheen revealed a number of relevant findings. They first identified that self-regulation during middle childhood influences adolescent risky behaviors, directly and indirectly through early adolescence substance abuse. 

 This finding illustrated the indirect relationship between substance abuse and risky sexual behavior, because it shows that low self-regulation in children promoted sexual risk-taking in adolescence with the increase of early substance use (Crockett et al., 2006). The direct relationship of self-regulation and risky sexual behavior was also identified, with research suggesting that self-regulation demonstrated stable individual differences (Crockett et al., 2006). Another additional finding was the effect of negative peer pressure on an individual’s proneness to engage in risky behaviors (Crockett et al., 2006). These researchers concluded that poor self-regulation in childhood and early adolescent risk proneness influence risky sexual behavior in part by increasing early substance use.

 Risky Sexual Behavior and Aggression 
  There are a number of studies that suggest the correlation between childhood externalizing behaviors and risky sexual behavior in adolescence. Externalizing factors include a variety of behaviors that have been clustered into four groups (Frick, Lahey, Loeber, Tannenbaum, Vanhorn, Christ, M.A.G., 1993): opposition, physical aggression, status violations, and property violations. Physical aggression appeared to be a major predictor of health risky behaviors, including risky sexual behavior (Timmermans, Lier, Koot, 2007). Therefore significant measures, such as preventive interventions aimed at physical aggression in childhood, should be considered in an effort to reduce risky sexual behavior and it consequences (Timmermans et al., 2007).(paper代写)

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