Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Sexual Behavior--论文代写范文

注意缺陷多动障碍是最常见的精神疾病之一,这种疾病的症状会影响学习成绩,以及社会行为。特别是,许多青少年患有ADHD已被证明参与高风险的性行为。这种相关性已被记录。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。

Abstract 
  According to the literature, many adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been shown to engage in risky sexual behavior (Flory, Molina, Pelman, Gnagy, Smith, 2006). However, it still remains unknown which particular social and environmental factors influence this positive correlation. Thus, this research examines the social and environmental risk factors that influence risky sexual behavior in adolescence. The results from this research has identified that adolescents reporting having sexual intercourse in their lifetime scored significantly higher on parent reports of externalizing problems, attention problems, rule breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior. Additionally, adolescents that scored high on externalizing symptoms were more likely to report a greater number of sexual partners, and adolescents scoring higher. There also seemed to be a significant gender difference, such that females scored significantly higher on parent reports of total ADHD problems. Considering the potential health problems associated with risky sexual behavior, it is important to identify the specific factors that increase this likelihood among diagnosed adolescents, and to formulate ways to address this issue and thereby reduce its occurrence.

 Introduction 
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents (Flory et al., 2006). Symptoms of this disorder can impact academic performance, as well as social behavior. In particular, many adolescents with ADHD have been shown to engage in risky sexual behavior. This correlation has been well documented for the last several years; however, there has been very little research regarding the influential factors that contribute to it. Considering the potential health problems associated with risky sexual behavior, it is important to identify the specific factors that increase this likelihood among diagnosed adolescents, and to formulate ways to address this issue and thereby reduce its occurrence.

 Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis 
  The theoretical framework that will be used to conduct this study is the cumulative risky model, which emphasizes observation of both environmental and social factors as a cumulative index. This approach allows one to understand that there may be a cluster of risk factors to which a child is exposed, rather than one specific factor alone that predicts the outcome of a particular behavior. Therefore the hypothesis of this research is that the symptoms characterized as ADHD, along with a variety of other factors, increase the likelihood of risky sexual behavior. According to Wozniak (2003), ADHD adolescents typically experience continued academic difficulties, higher dropout rates, problems with authority, higher rates of risky behavior, and overall feelings of worthlessness. The symptoms of ADHD can cause an individual to be more impulsive in his or her thinking and decision making when regulating behavior. 

  Therefore, having an impulsive personality can promote an individual to act without considering the situation and its consequences. In addition, the lack of attention and critical thinking associated with ADHD can further increase participation in risky sexual behavior. The notion that individuals lack the social skills to formulate close peer relationships may explain why peer relationship problems are common among children and adolescents with ADHD (Flory et al., 2006). These adolescents may be more likely to associate with individuals who engage in risky behaviors of all types, such as reckless driving, substance abuse, and smoking. In regards to family factors, poor parenting and parents’ lack of knowledge regarding effective sexual health practices may also be a social factor. Parent involvement and communication is important component in the reduction of risky behavior. Parent relationships are what influence the ways in which a child is effectively socialized into the environment. Therefore healthy parent interaction is necessary during development. 

  An additional influential factor of this correlation may be ethnicity. According to most research, minority children diagnosed with ADHD tend not to receive adequate treatment for the disorder (Bussing, Zima, Gary, Garvan, 2003). Because of this trend, many minority children may be more likely to engage in risky behavior. Without treatment, minority adolescents are left with their needs unmet during a time in their lives when sexual education and treatment for ADHD are imperative. All of these specific environmental and social factors, along with the symptoms of ADHD, play an integral part in the positive correlation between ADHD and risky sexual behavior. This study will attempt to identify these factors with careful observation and statistical analysis.

  The cause of ADHD is still unknown; however, there has been much research examining various theories. Many researchers have classified ADHD as a biological disorder originating in the brain due to low levels of activity in the regions where attention and activity levels are regulated (AAP, 2001). Other biological theories suggest that there may be problems with certain chemicals that send messages throughout the brain (AAP, 2001). Heredity has also been proposed as a cause of ADHD indicating that individuals are more likely to develop ADHD if a parent is diagnosed with the disorder as well (AAP, 2001). Other theories with empirical support blame environmental and medical factors, such as toxins and extremely severe injuries to the head (AAP, 2001). However, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, “there has been no evidence that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, food additives, allergies, or immunizations” (AAP, 2001, p. 9). 

  Although there is no cure for ADHD, many treatments may be effective in controlling and diminishing symptoms, based on a child’s diagnosis and individual needs. Treatments consist of medical, behavioral, educational, and psychological interventions, with a combination of treatments used as a comprehensive approach to enhance the effectiveness of treatment. Specifically, common treatments may consist of parent training, behavioral interventions, educational programs, individual/family counseling, and sometimes medication. Most medications given are psychostimulants, which help to relieve ADHD symptoms. Studies illustrate that over 80% of children who are treated with psychostimulants improve greatly (AAP, 2001). Psychostimulants used to treat ADHD include methylphenidate, also known as Ritalin and Concerta, and amphetamine, most commonly known as Dexedrine, Dextrostat, and Adderall (AAP, 2001).

 Risky Sexual Behavior and Its Effects 
  In general, risk taking is a something that most individuals take part in during adolescence. The main question is what influences some adolescents to participate in risky behaviors, while others never engage in them? Adolescence is the emergence of the sexual drive and the onset of exploring one’s ability to attract the opposite sex (Zwane, Mngadi, Nxumalo, 2004). According to empirical research, many contributing factors play a part in the onset of risky sexual behavior in adolescence. With today’s increased rate of adolescents engaging in risky sexual behavior at younger ages than previous years, there is an increased risk of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV and AIDS (Zwane et al., 2004). In addition, many adolescents are engaging in sexual activity more frequently, which influences the future direction of these sexually infections (Zwane et al., 2004). This means that as more engage in risky sexual activity, the more prevalent sexually transmitted diseases will continue to be present in our society. For the most part, adolescents tend to be uninformed or misinformed regarding sexuality and sexual education, which may be the reason why they are reluctant to protect themselves (Zwane et al., 2004). Many adolescents also believe that they are not at risk for infections or other health dangers. Some are also unable to discuss their concerns about reproductive health with others, or may not have access to affordable health services (Zwane et al., 2004).

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