Link Between Pubertal Timing in Girls and Depression--论文代写范文

抑郁的青少年体验巨大的心理和社会障碍,理解童年和青春期特征与抑郁症状是至关重要的。发育期时机,指青少年的青春期发育的程度。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。

Abstract 
  This longitudinal study examined personal-accentuation and contextual-amplification models of pubertal timing. In these models, individual and contextual risk factors during childhood and adolescence can magnify the effects of early or late puberty on depression symptoms that occur years later. The moderating role of prepubertal individual factors (emotional problems in late childhood) and interpersonal factors (deviant peer affiliation, early dating, perceived peer popularity, and perceived parental rejection during adolescence) were tested. A representative sample of 1,431 Canadian adolescents between 10–11 and 16–17 years of age was followed biannually. In line with the personal-accentuation model, early puberty has been shown to be a predictor for depression in both girls and boys who presented emotional problems in childhood. 

  This effect was also noted for late maturing boys. Consistent with the contextual-amplification model, early puberty predicted later depression in youth who perceived greater parental rejection. Interpersonal experiences such as early dating in girls and deviant peer affiliation in boys predicted depression in early maturers as well. For girls, early dating was also found to be amplified by childhood emotional problems. In line with biopsychosocial models, results indicate that the effect of pubertal timing on depressive symptoms must be conceptualized through complex interactions between characteristics of adolescents’ interpersonal relationships and prepubertal vulnerabilities.

  Adolescence is a critical developmental period for the onset of depression and subclinical depressive manifestations (Kessler, Avenevoli, & Ries Merikangas, 2001; Weissman et al., 1999). Because depressed youth experience significant psychological and social impairment (Wittchen, Nelson, & Lachner, 1998), understanding childhood and adolescence characteristics associated with depressive symptoms is crucial (Petersen et al., 1993). Adolescence is also marked by the pubertal transition that involves major biological, psychological, and social changes (Alsaker, 1995). Pubertal timing, which refers to the extent of the adolescent’s pubertal development when compared to same-sex and same-aged peers, has been associated with depressive symptoms during adolescence, mainly in girls (Weichold, Silbereisen, & Schmitt-Rodermund, 2003). 

   vulnerabilities, such as emotional problems during childhood, might accentuate the effect of pubertal timing on later depression. Furthermore, specific interpersonal contexts, “real” or “perceived,” such as getting involved at an early age in romantic relationships, affiliating with deviant peers, being popular among peers, or feeling rejected by parents can also moderate the effect of pubertal timing. Following the theoretical and empirical work of Conley and Rudolph (2009), Rudolph (2009), and Rudolph and Troop-Gordon (2010), we examined the adequacy of two models of pubertal timing: a personal-accentuation model and a contextual-amplification model that could explain differences in adolescents’ depression symptoms. The integration of both models will also be explored because accentuation and amplification may co-occur.

 Pubertal Timing and Symptoms of Depression in Adolescence 
  Adolescents vary noticeably in their timing of pubertal development, and at least two hypotheses have been proposed to explain how pubertal timing could be related to a heightened risk of depressive symptoms in adolescence. The early-timing, or stage-termination, hypothesis (Peskin, 1967, 1973) posits that adolescents who develop earlier than their peers are more at risk of experiencing adjustment problems because they are exposed to the pubertal transition and its psychosocial consequences at a younger stage of development. 

  Early maturers are thus considered less prepared than their peers to face the physiological changes of puberty and the social reactions to their mature appearance, because their early maturation conflicts with the normal development of late childhood, an important period in which children learn coping and social skills and develop a sense of self (Brooks-Gunn, Petersen, & Eichorn, 1985; Peskin, 1967, 1973). The deviance hypothesissuggests that developmental transitions occurring within the expected timetable are socially and culturally accepted (Susman, Dorn, & Schiefelbein, 2003). According to this hypothesis, adolescents with an offtime pubertal timing, that is, early and late, are more vulnerable to psychological maladjustment because they are considered to be socially deviant from on-time maturing peers and, as a result, may have to negotiate pubertal changes in a less supportive sociocultural context (Petersen & Crockett, 1985; Sarigiani & Petersen, 2000).

  Empirical examinations of these hypotheses have mainly supported the early-timing hypothesis, particularly for female adolescents. Girls’ earlier pubertal timing has been associated with more depressive symptoms, both concurrently (Graber, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Brooks-Gunn, 1997; Kaltiala-Heino, Marttunen, Rantanen, & Rimpela¨, 2003; Miller & Gur, 2002; Rierdan & Koff, 1991; Siegel, Yancey, Aneshensel, & Schuler, 1999) and longitudinally (Ge, Conger, & Elder Jr., 1996, 2001a; Ge et al., 2003; Graber, Seeley, BrooksGunn, & Lewinsohn, 2004; Hayward, Killen, Wilson, & Hammer, 1997; Stice, Presnell, & Bearman, 2001). 

  However, some findings fully or partially support the deviance hypothesis. For instance, in one study, both early and late pubertal timing were associated with greater depression (Wichstrøm, 1999). However, other results suggested that late maturing girls are more inclined to experience internalizing problems, such as greater self-consciousness and lower self-esteem (Graber et al., 1997; Williams & Currie, 2000). Empirical results on adolescent boys are limited and mixed. Positive consequences, such as more self-confidence, popularity with peers, and greater social achievement, have been linked to early puberty in adolescent boys, as a more mature physical appearance could be an advantage in some social context (Felson & Haynie, 2002; Mccabe & Ricciardelli, 2004; Mussen & Jones, 1957, 1958; Taga, Markey, & Friedman, 2006). 

  However, while some findings support the early-timing hypothesis (Ge, Conger, & Elder Jr., 2001b; Ge et al., 2003; KaltialaHeino et al., 2003), other results support the deviance hypothesis by suggesting that early and late maturing boys report more depressive symptoms (Conley & Rudolph, 2009; Graber et al., 1997). Other research suggests that only late maturers would be at risk (Siegel et al., 1999). Thus, further empirical investigation is needed to evaluate the longitudinal association between pubertal timing and depressive symptoms in both adolescent boys and girls. As a whole, empirical results for boys, although limited, seemed to support the deviance hypothesis, because early and late maturing boys tended to present more depressive symptoms than do their peers.(paper代写)

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标签：Pubertal Timing  paper代写