Psychosocial Correlates of Physical Dating Violence--论文代写范文

对于公共卫生研究人员和从业人员，最近的青年危险行为调查表明,大约有10个女性和男性青少年，在过去一年的约会暴力中受害，大量研究表明,约会暴力对青少年的影响是巨大的。下面的paper代写范文进行论述。

Abstract
  This study examined the association between dating violence victimization and psychosocial risk and protective factors among Latino early adolescents. An anonymous, cross-sectional, self-reported survey was administered to a convenience sample of Latino youth (n = 322) aged 11 to 13 residing in suburban Washington, D.C. The dependent variable was physical dating violence; the independent variables included violence, substance use, emotional well-being, prosocial behaviors, and parenting practices. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed and adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were examined. Overall, 13.5% (n = 43) of Latino early adolescents reported being a victim of physical dating violence within the past year. The prevalence was 14.4% for girls and 12.9% for boys. Among the girls, binge drinking was the sole risk behavior associated with dating violence. Gun carrying, alcohol consumption, and having considered suicide were associated with dating violence among the boys. Physical dating violence appears to affect a small but significant proportion of Latino early adolescents and is associated with other risk behaviors. Healthy dating relationship programs are warranted for middle school youth with some tailoring to reflect gender differences in risk profiles.
  Keywords: Latino; adolescence; gender; dating violence; risk behavior

  Promotion of healthy dating relationships and prevention of dating violence has become an important focus among public health researchers and practitioners. Data from the most recent national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) suggest that roughly 1 in 10 female and male adolescents report physical dating violence victimization in the past year; that is, their boyfriend or girlfriend had hit, slapped, or physically hurt them on purpose (Howard, Wang, & Yan, 2007; Howard, Wang, & Yan, in press).

  Numerous studies indicate that the impact of dating violence on adolescents is enormous. In addition to injury (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2003), victims of dating violence also face higher risk of substance abuse, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behaviors, pregnancy, and suicidal behavior (Ackard, Neumark-Sztainer, & Hannan, 2003; CDC, 2002; Hickman, Jaycox, & Aronoff, 2004; Howard, Beck, Hallmark-Kerr, & Shattuck, 2005; Howard & Wang, 2005; Howard et al., 2007, in press; Silverman, Raj, & Mucci, 2001). Given the alarming rates of dating violence victimization among adolescents, there is little information on the experience of dating violence victimization among Latino youth, although there is some concern that they may be particularly vulnerable (Howard et al., 2005).

  When national data are examined by ethnicity, prevalence of dating violence victimization appears higher among Latino high school students compared to their White peers (9.3% vs. 7.0%; Grunbaum et al., 2004). In a study conducted among a suburban Washington, D.C., population of Latino mid-adolescents, youth who reported carrying a gun, involvement in physical fights, and having suicidal thoughts were more likely to report dating violence (Howard et al., 2005). Gender differences were noted as well. Girls who reported a stronger sense of self were less likely to report dating violence, whereas among boys, gun carrying and having considered suicide were associated with dating violence. Spending time each week with a mentor was also positively associated with male dating violence victimization. Dating violence appeared to cluster with other risk behavior engagement (Howard et al., 2005).

  This risk profile adds further evidence that such victimization may fit the framework of problem behavior theory (Basen-Engquist, Edmundson, & Parcel, 1996; DiClemente, Hansen, & Ponton, 1996; Dryfoos, 1990; Farrell, Danish, & Howard, 1992; Howard et al., 2005; Jessor, 1982, 1991; Resnick et al., 1997). The problem behavior theory framework (Jessor, 1991) is composed of variables specified as either protective factors against, or risk factors for, involvement in problem behavior. Protective factors provide models for positive, prosocial behavior; personal and social controls against problem behavior; and support to sustain prosocial commitment. Conversely, risk factors are associated with an increased likelihood of problem behavior engagement.

  The protection/risk conceptual framework encompasses not only a range of psychological factors (e.g., attitude, values, and beliefs) but also an array of measures of social contexts including family and peer influence (Steinberg & Moris, 2001). Concern about dating violence among Latino youth is underscored by changing demographics in the United States. Latinos are the fastest-growing minority group in the United States, and they are relatively younger: 35% are under 18 years of age, compared to 26% of the total U.S. population. In addition, Latino youth are more likely than their White counterparts to live in urban communities that are associated with violence (Dryfoos, 1990).

  The fear of crime and violence occurring in places where Latinos live and attend school may affect their psychosocial functioning (Garcia-Reid, Reid, & Peterson, 2005). Moreover, it has been suggested that Latino’s understanding of norms about gender roles, egalitarianism, and intimate relationships may differ from other ethnic groups (Ulloa, Jaycox, Marshall, & Collins, 2004). For example, research on Hispanic culture and violence suggest that some aspects of Hispanic culture (e.g., machismo) are associated with more acceptance or prevalence of violence (Sanderson, Coker, Roberts, Tortolero, & Reininger, 2004). Clearly, there are emerging needs to examine the dating violence among Latino adolescents so as to better support the development of culturally sensitive prevention and intervention efforts.

  These findings present some of the first evidence that physical dating violence occurs among early Latino adolescents and at levels that are comparable, if not higher, than what has been reported among nationally representative samples of high school students (Avery-Leaf, Caascardi, O’Leary, & Cano, 1997; Howard et al., 2007, in press). Almost one in eight Latino early adolescents reported having been hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by their boyfriend or girlfriend. An earlier study, conducted among a similar population of somewhat older Latino youth, reported much lower prevalence of dating violence (Howard et al., 2005). Although no systematic pattern emerged by grade level, girls in the eighth grade reported some of the highest prevalence and more boys in the sixth grade experienced dating violence victimization than any other group of middles school students.

  It is unclear whether the subset of Latino early adolescents who reported dating violence fit a profile of problem behavior proneness, that is, co-occurring involvement in multiple risk behaviors, as has been suggested elsewhere (Howard et al., 2007, in press; Jessor, 1991), or whether the experience of dating violence victimization precipitates such engagement. For example, Howard et al. (2007) found a strong association between reports of physical dating violence and such behaviors as fighting, gang involvement, and substance use (Howard et al., 2005). This overlap between various forms of violence-related behaviors has been well replicated (Roberts, Auinger, & Klein, 2005; Silverman et al., 2004; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000) and may suggest an affinity for peer associations where violence is more normative and if not expected then tolerated.

  Contextual and longitudinal research is needed to shed light on early and persistent influences on adolescent aggressive behavior and vulnerability for victimization. Similarly, both alcohol and illicit drug use have long been associated with risk behavior engagement among youth (Howard & Wang, 2003b) and among girls; the severity of courtship violence has been found to increase with consumption of alcohol by either the perpetrator or victim (Makepeace, 1981; Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). These findings underscore the need for ongoing research to identify and address antecedent personal and socioenvironmental factors that may lead youth to engage in various risk behaviors. Also needed are secondary prevention efforts targeted to high risk youth who already report coengagement in health risk behaviors.

  Although our data do not permit cause–effect relationships to be inferred, youth who reported victimization also reported emotional distress, in the form of depression, suicidal ideation, and low self-worth. Only suicidal ideation, however, remained significant among boys, after all factors were considered simultaneously. These findings substantiate what has been reported elsewhere regarding emotional states and violence involvement, and specifically dating violence (Eaton, Davis, Barrios, Brener, & Noonan, 2007; Howard et al., 2007, in press; Roberts, Klein, & Fisher, 2003). Similar prevalence of physical dating violence victimization for boys and girls and the heightened risk of suicide among male victims underscores the need to take seriously the experiences of boys, and not just as potential perpetrators (Close, 2005; Howard & Wang, 2003a; Howard et al., 2003, 2007, in press). This is critically important given current concerns that use of antidepressants with youth amplifies the risk of suicide, particularly among boys and youth residing in low-income regions (Olfson, Marcus, & Shaffer, 2006; Olfson, Shaffer, Marcus, & Greenberg, 2003; Sakinofsky, 2007).(paper代写)

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