Adolescents dating violence and health problem--论文代写范文

许多青少年约会关系将是积极的,但有一个流行的动力学，在青少年的关系中令人担忧。这篇paper代写范文研究了关于成年人暴力之间的关系。这增加了对社会研究的兴趣。

Abstract 
  Adolescents dating violence has become an international public health problem. The majority of the adolescents in Europe and North America have experienced some sort of dating relationship and even if many of these relationships are healthy ones there is an increase of destructive and violent relationships. Previous research indicates varied as well as limited results from already existing prevention and intervention efforts addressing adolescent dating violence. Dating violence prevalence is increasing and effective prevention and intervention methods are needed in order to reduce and prevent its existence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a game-based intervention called ‘Green Acres High’, created by the CAVA-project group. Swedish adolescents that recently had played the game were interviewed with the means of focus groups in order to examine their subjective experience of this new type of intervention. Results indicate that the use of a game as an intervention method for this socially sensitive topic was perceived as positive by the adolescents, seeing it as a new, engaging and interesting method. The findings from the study indicate that dating violence is a topic in need of further discussion and that this game has potential to affect its players, both attitudinal and knowledge wise. 
Keywords: dating violence, adolescents, intervention, prevention, focus groups

  The disclosure of aggression in partnerships and relationships has been confusing for many people due to the romantic and idealistic image that most of us associate with courtship (Lavoie, Robitaille, Hébert, 2000). There is evidence from international research that the majority of the adolescents in North America and Europe have experienced some sort of dating relationship by the time they have reached their midadolescence (Barter, McCarry, Berridge & Evans, 2009). Many of these relationships will be positive but there is a prevalence of abusive dynamics within teenagers’ relationships that is alarming (Antle, Sullivan, Dryden, Karam & Barbee, 2011). Research has been conducted with regards to violence between adults in a relationship, but less research has been conducted about violence amongst adolescents that are dating or in a relationship (Foshee, 1996).

  The issue of aggression in teen dating relationship has increased in interest in the social research during the latest decades and more studies have been conducted as a result of this. Research from longitudinal and retrospective studies indicates that violence during the early years of dating may affect future relationships and the use of violence. Therefore it is important to understand the patterns of abuse in teen relationships (Lavoie et al., 2000) to be able to create intervention methods with the ability to decrease the use of adolescent dating violence. Since intimate partner violence has a negative impact on public health there is a growing consensus of the importance of the development of effective prevention and early intervention programs, programs that can change knowledge and attitudes about violence and aggression as well as change behaviours (Edelen, McCaffrey, Marshall & Jaycox, 2009). 

  The last decade has offered a range of different interventions in order to address the issue of dating violence in adolescents and new techniques are appearing as well. In order to create a valid intervention method with high quality and with the ability to affect adolescents in this matter, information needs to be gathered through research and empirical studies. It is also important to gather information directly from the adolescents since it can give useful insights into their world, their thoughts and beliefs with regards to the topic. Qualitative studies are a good way to examine the ideas of the adolescents and can offer better means to better understand their context and way of thinking (Lavoie et al., 2000). Previous research has tried to explain abusive behaviour amongst adults but not as much amongst adolescents. There are some theoretical models, developed for adults that have been adapted for young adults and adolescents such as White and Koss and Nagayama Hall and Hirschman, theories that all suggest the influence of several factors. Some of the studies conducted to test these models associated social representations, such as attitudes towards violence or attitudes towards women, with the abuse in dating relationships (as cited in Lavoie et al., 2000). 

  During recent years, international literature has established the prevalence of violence within adolescents dating contexts. Until recently, the evaluation literature in the area of teen dating violence has been dominated by American and Canadian studies but the topic is now emerging across Europe as well (Bowen, Holdsworth, Leen, Sorbring, Helsing, Jaans & Awouters, in press). But there is still limited European research on adolescent dating violence in general and due to this it is difficult to say whether European intervention orientation should be the same as the attitudinal focus in North America and Canada (Bowen et al., in press). Previous research has showed that gender role normative beliefs are, cross-culturally, negatively associated with rates of victimisation in adult intimate relationships, specially the emancipation of women (Archer, 2006).

  With the purpose to define teen dating, a citation from Leen Sorbring, Mawer, Holdsworth, Helsing & Bowen (2013) is being used: “Teenage romantic relationships emerge from mixed-sex peer group activities in early adolescence and develop into exclusive dyadic activities. These later dyadic relationships are usually referred to as ‘dating’” (p. 160). For a teenager, dating is a very important step in life and it can provide companionship, intimacy, support and status with same-sex peers (Kuffel & Katz, 2002). The numbers displayed below indicates what an important part of life dating is for most western countries adolescents. 

  Teenagers usually start to date when they are between the age of 13 and 15 years and 72% of all 8th and 9th graders in the USA have experienced dating or are in fact dating, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the United Kingdom the percentage of teens 15 years or older that reported some sort of dating relationship was 88% and in Germany 47% of adolescents 15 years or older reported that they were in a relationship at the time of the study done by Seiffke-Krenke in 2003 (as cited in Leen et al., 2013). In Germany, 75% of all teenagers 15 years or older reported having some form of sexual experience (Leen et al., 2013). Although dating is an important part of peoples’ life, it can also cause a lot of pain (both physical and psychological) and many people are experiencing dating violence. For a teenager it can be difficult to separate a healthy relationship from a destructive one, especially since many adolescents consider acts of dating aggression as “ordinary” behaviours (Kuffel & Katz, 2002). 

  A report by the World Health Organisation revealed that between 10-60% of the women in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, Albania and Tajikistan reported experiencing violence (since the age of 16) by an intimate partner at some point in their life (Sethi, Racioppi, Baumgarten & Vida, 2006). According to Ellis, Ching-Hall and Dumas (2012) did 25% to over 55% of dating adolescents report having experienced some form of psychological or physical abuse in a relationship context. Reports from the International Dating Violence Study showed that between 17-33% of the female students and 17-37% of the male students at six universities in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Portugal had during the previous 12 months used violence against a dating partner (CAVA-project group, 2010). 

  In Britain, a survey with 1377 people between the age of 13 and 16 years showed that 25% of the girls reported receiving and instigating violence in a dating relationship in contrast to 18 and 8% of boys respectively. Girls were also more likely to report the negative impact of the physical violence and as a result of that were also more likely to seek help in comparison to the boys (Barter, McCarry, Berridge and Evans, 2009). Since little research has been conducted in Europe it is difficult to be precise with regards to numbers and percentage of violence. Despite this there is evidence for dating violence in adolescents as well as it has been established that there is a greater likelihood for violence to occur the younger the couple is (CAVA-project group, 2010). It is important to remember that dating violence can differ in frequency; it can range from one blow that may or may not impact the victim, to more long-lasting, aggravated battery.(paper代写)

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