Johnson's political action

约翰逊想像罗斯福那样去改变美国，他花了大量的措施终于得以实现。在他执政期间，共有206项措施通过了。他计划在经济、城市、教育、歧视、环境、移民和环境等方面做出改变。通过各种方案和制定法律，建立了大社会的一部分。民权法案（1964）它禁止在包括公共住宿，各地区住房等工作歧视，以及种族，宗教，国籍，性别方面。它赋予政府更多的权力来执行这一规定，为美国人民创造了更多的自由环境。这一规律可以促进大社会的平等。

Part I 
1.    LBJ was the abbreviation of Lyndon Baines Johnson who was the 36th president in the United States.
Johnson has served two consecutive terms in his life and like other president in America he had his own way to gain power. Because he passionately advocated President Roosevelt’s policy-“New Deal”, he successfully attracted the president’s attention. With the help of Roosevelt and other politicians, Johnson became a member of the House of Representatives. During this time, he entered into the U.S. Navy Affairs Committee and served in the navy army in the Pacific War. In 1948, he barely edged out the former governor of Texas and became the candidate of the Democratic Party. In 1949, he defeated the candidate of the Republic Party and inducted into the Senate. Benefiting from his political talent, Johnson was elected to be the leader of Democratic Party in the Senate in 1955. 
Johnson was a sophisticated politician because he was a faithful supporter of the president who was in power to avoid conflicts with the administration. However, meanwhile he knew how to win the voters’ support very well so that he didn’t agree to the policy which would damage the interests of the voters in his district. As a result, he gradually occupied a very important position in politics. When he failed the presidential election in 1960, he accepted the suggestion made by Kennedy and became the vice-president in 1961. After the assassination of Kennedy, he declared to be the new president soon and four years later, he was elected to be a second presidency.
2.     Kennedy once proposed the civil rights and tax-cut bills which hadn’t been passed before his death. Therefore, Johnson urged to see the laws enacted. In February 1964, Congress passed a tax reduction which ws over $10 billion. This law was very important because it boosted the economic development. As a result, the federal budget deficit was reduced from $6 billion in 1964 to $4 billion in 1966. This was a great success in Johnson’s economic reform.
     In July of the same year, Johnson pushed the Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This law indicated the discrimination was unlawful and thus made it easier for the federal government to enforce its provisions. 
In August 1964, Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) was passed through Congress. It approved nearly $1 billion to help the poverty. EOA legislation contributed to the success of Johnson’s election in 1964. His proposition to alleviate the poverty was advocated by most of the Americans and LBJ won the election by a landslide. In addition, EOA also provided a good condition for the building of the Great Society. 
3.    In 1964, JBL won a landslide victory of presidency with 486 electoral votes while his opponent only got 52 and more democrats appeared in the Congress. At that time, there were still lots of problems in America although the economy began to develop. People were seeking a better life and equality. Internationally, America had conflicts with Cuba and North Vietnam. As for Americans, they were inclined to the propositions made by Johnson that government should intervene into the nation’s problem but they shouldn’t advocate force intervention in Vietnam. 
4.    The Great Society was a society that had a higher living standard and equal opportunity. People can live in a richer quality of life. 
LBJ wanted to change America like Roosevelt and he took plenty of measures in order to realize it. There were totally 206 measures passed during his administration. He planned to make changes in the areas of economy, cities, education, discrimination, environment, immigration and environment and so on. Through a variety of programs and enacted laws, the Great Society was established partly. 
Part II
The Great Society
Program Description Influence
Civil Rights Act (1964) It outlawed discrimination in various areas including public accommodations, housing, jobs as well as race, religion, national origin, and sex.   It gave more power to the government to enforce the provision and created a more freedom environment for American people. This law can promote to realize the equality of the Great Society.
Economic Opportunity Act(1964) It approved about $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans and job training as well as created job Corps, VISTA, Project Head Start, and other programs. EOA helped the poverty to solve their living and working problems and showed Johnson’s political orientation, winning the support of Americans. Therefore, he succeeded in the presidential election with an overwhelming advantage. 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) It approved to provide elementary and secondary schools with over $1 billion to pay for textbooks, library materials and special education. This law set a precedent to offer federal aid packages for education in America and can help to achieve the education equality in the Great Society.
Immigration Act(1965) It allowed many non-European immigrants to settle in America and ended quotas based on nationality. It can help to make the discrimination disappear and gained the support of American people. This was also a way to build the Great Society. 
Conclusion
As far as I am concerned, theses four programs are very important in America’s history. They all have made contributions not only to the building of Great Society but also to America’s mordern society. The Civil Rights Act can help to bring the social stability since the discrimination was outlawed and thus encouraged the whole nation to develop the economy. Immigration Act is another civil rights law and it can help unit the force of immigrations. Therefore, America can become a place where lots of talents gather together. Economic Opportunity Act stimulated the development of economy at that time and solved the poverty problem in some ways. Most important, it helped Johnson to win in the presidential election. Elementary and Secondary Education is good for the education equality. It is the first federal financial support for education so it has a great significance. 
Part III 
1.    The first evidence was that Warren Court announced that prayer was not a compulsory in public schools anymore and outlawed state-required loyalty. It also gave students more freedom like free speech and wearing black armbands to show antiwar opinions. 
The second evidence was related to the congressional reapportionment that the election districts should be re-divided in terms of the new population. This was a key decision because it could help to realize the fairness since more people were living in urban districts.
In addition, the laws about the rights of the accused protected the citizens’ rights and limited the power of the police. Therefore, Warren Court gave lots of liberties to the people. 
2.
Warren Court Rulings
Court Rulings Content Influence
Mapp v. Ohio 
(1961) Warren Court ruled that prosecutors may not use evidence obtained in illegal searches and this was also known as the exclusionary rule. This ruling has made a restriction to the power of the police and improved the level of their enforcement. After Mapp v. Ohio, exclusionary rule was applied in the whole nation. 
Gideon v. Wainwright
(1963) The defendant accused of a felony has the right to have a legal counsel and should be provided by the criminal court if he/she could not afford it. This is a sign of the modern society with rule of laws. It has protected the basic rights of citizens who have no privilege and thus realized the equality of justice. 
Escobedo v. Illinois
(1964) It ruled that the suspect has a right to have a lawyer present when being questioned by police. This is also a significant ruling which can prevent the officials from abusing power and protect judicial justice. 
Miranda v. Arizona 
(1966) The officer must read the rights of the suspect to guarantee that he/she understands the warning and waives his rights before the questioning. This ruling can ensure that the innocent people are not justified unfair. Although criticism said it threatened the public safety, it finally became part of America’s national culture.
3. Conclusion
     In my opinion, these rulings have made the justice fairer and protected most citizens’ rights. Before the decisions made by Warren Court, fairness is only for the minority who have power and money. People only have the constitutional rights formally. Therefore, these rulings are very significant for America’s legal construction. In addition, these rulings have thrived to this day and become a national culture. 
Part IV
The Great Society was a social reform of Lyndon B Johnson. He proposed that America would become a world without poverty, starvation, and discrimination. All the people were equal and all the children could be educated. Americans would live a richer life with high quality. In order to realize this object, he has taken plenty of measures and programs, including the programs on economy, education, civil rights and healthcare and so on. As a result, the economy was boosting but meanwhile the government deficit was very great and caused inflation. A key achievement in this time was that four Civil Rights Acts were passed which compromised racial conflicts. In addition, the level of education was also improved. If Johnson continued promoting the Great Society, he would be a great president in America’s history. However, he gradually concerned more about the Vietnam War and disappointed Americans. At last he had to withdraw from the next presidential election. 
Johnson was born in a poor rural area so that he knew more about the living of poor people. This may influence his agenda to alleviate the poverty. Since that he had always admired Roosevelt and his policy New Deal, he wanted to change the society as well. As a result, he made the proposition of the Great Society and planed to set out a social reform. However, later he began to pay more attention to the Vietnam War. This may be related to his experience in the Pacific War. In 1941, he volunteered to serve in the navy army and when he came back to the congress, he made great contributions to developing the armed forces. After the World War II, he advocated arms extension and Truman’s anti-communist policy. Therefore, he expanded the Vietnam War and this ended his political life.