三种问答题

这篇短文通过三个案例来侧面反映出历史、政治、经济水平、国家价值观、社会、环境、生活习惯、文化等因素对医疗保健系统的影响。 

Question 1- A:

a. As is known to all, the healthcare system is shaped by many factors. For instance, the historical factor, political, cultural, social economic factors and decisions will have an effect on the healthcare system. Just like what Reid says, “Each nation’s healthcare system is a reflection of its history, politics, economy and national values” (17). At the same time, we know the healthcare system is a basic infrastructure for the society which is needed in each countries. The level of the healthcare system decides the social development of the country. So every country pays more attention to its establishment and running.

So the political factor is the basic factor which contributes to the establishment of the healthcare system. Each government in office will consider the fundamental health care access to the public. If the government wants to get the supports from the public, what he needs to do is to implement the specific construction of the healthcare system. If the common people get the benefits from the healthcare system without any worry about their health, the society will be harmonious. The government provides finance for the healthcare system running. And meanwhile, considering the historical factor, the healthcare system will follow the basic pattern of the old healthcare system. The government puts more plans and details into the establishment of the healthcare system on basis of the old healthcare system. What is more, cultural factor cannot be ignored. Due to the cultural differences, the pattern of the healthcare system may be different to some degree. For instance, the Bismarck model was found in Germany, Japan, France, Belgium and Switzerland. (Reid, 18) The Beveridge model was run by Britain, Italy, Spain, and most of Scandi navia. (Redia, 19) Though the government provides finance for the healthcare system running, the cultural differences decides the specific pattern of the healthcare system. Moreover, the social economic factor and decision support the healthcare system running. Without the economic basis, the healthcare system cannot run well.

b. The political and social economic factors provide finance for the healthcare system, which will make it possible for the public to have an access to the healthcare. The historical and cultural factors may decide the different access to the healthcare. For instance, “Not only does that view grossly underestimate the complexity of traditional Hmong culture, but it also ignores the immense social, cultural, and economic changes that many Hmong had already gone through during the course of the war itself.” (Fadiman, 133) So the healthcare access is decided by these factors.

Question2-A：

“Structural violence” is mentioned in the book Mountains beyond Mountains written by Tracy Kidder. He notes that “Farmer felt intellectually torn. The health workers’ theory amounted to a description of the kind of socioeconomic arrangement that he called structural violence.” (29) What is “Structural violence” indeed? Structural violence refers to that the object which brings violence is unknown. However, its result is as the same as that caused by other factors. Many factors contribute to the structural violence. For instance, the social, economic, political and cultural factors can cause the structural violence.

Reviewing the Lia Lee's medical history, we know Lia as a Hmong Child was healthy at first birth. However, with the time flowing, something bad occurred on him. Facing Lia’s illness, the divergences between Lia’s parents and Lia’s American doctor appeared. As is known to all, Lia’s parents were part of a large Hmong community. They held the ideal that their daughter’s illness due to the mixture of the spiritual and virtual matters. So “Is it any wonder that the Hmong community regarded the camp hospital as the last choice of available health care options?” (Fadiman, 37) However, Lia’s American doctor thought body and soul could be divided and Lia’s illness was seizures. Facing these differences about Lia’s illness, they could not agree on it. Lia’ American doctor prescribed anticonvulsants. While her parents preferred animal sacrifices. This is the cultural factor which contributes to the different access to the health care. Due to the intransigence about Lia’s illness, Lia died at his 31 year old. With the help of “Structural Violence”, we know though the cultural factor has an indirect effect on the health care, its miscommunication with other culture will lead to unexpected results. Lia’s story was tragic which should be explored deeply. This example is used to explain the concept “structural violence”. And meanwhile it gives us a sense of effect on the health care caused by cultural factor. What is more, it can be also as an example to let the public know the importance of reasonable communication among different cultures.

So to get the deep meaning behind the “structural violence” may be a good indication about those factors which bring many effects on people’s life. And meanwhile it can guide our life and behavior.

Question 3-A：

As is known to all, the prevalence rate of some diseases is different due to different reasons and factors. For instance, if the pollution in one place is more, the prevalence rate of some diseases may be higher than that in other places. When facing the highest prevalence rate for lung cancer on Nacirema in the world, we may want to explore the deep reasons behind the phenomenon. From the introduction about the place, we know its culture, economy, population and behavior are similar to those in America. Why is its prevalence rate for lung cancer the highest in the world? I think four specific reasons can be used to explain this phenomenon.

Firstly, the gene of the people there may have oncogene which makes the people there get the lung cancer easily. As is known to all, many diseases due to oncogene my happen easily. The people there marry with each and their communications about genes are limited by the human beings’ movement. Many people can only marry with the locals which makes the prevalence rate higher, especially for the diseases due to oncogene in the society.

Secondly, I think the people’s behavior may cause the highest prevalence rate there. For instance, the people there loves smoking and the consumption about cigarettes is much more than that in America. What is more, all the people there regard smoking as the necessity and the followers to the times. Due to these bad life habits, the prevalence rate of lung fate is the highest in the world.

Thirdly, I think the pollution problem may be heavy and all the people there are suffering from it. For instance, the air pollution there is serious. Many industries pour out harmful air pollution freely. However, the government has no way to set a standard for these industries because the governmental finance relies on their revenue. Due to these reasons, the air pollution there is serious and the sky is like haze which is a harmful particle. Every day, the people there breathes and these harmful particles are bad for people’s respiratory tract. So they will get an access to the highest prevalence of lung cancer.

Last but least, the economic factor and technological factor cannot be ignored. Due to the lower rate of economic development, the economic level will decides the health care level. For instance, due to the low development, the government will pay more attention to the economic increase, while the environment protection will be ignored. What is more, the immature technological factor cannot be used to solve the serious environmental problems. The pollution may contribute to the highest prevalence rate.

To sum up, the factors which contribute to the highest prevalence rate are everywhere. Pay more attention to it and cultivate good daily life plan to keep ourselves heathy.

Reference

Kidder, Tracy. Mountains beyond mountains. Random House Incorporated, 2009.

Reid, Tom R. The healing of America: a global quest for better, cheaper, and fairer health care. Penguin, 2010.

Fadiman, Anne. Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. United States: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2002.

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