American and German Electoral System-essay代写

本篇美国论文代写主要讲的是：美国应该选择一个在美国和德国中间的选举制度。 只有这样，美国才能最大限度地利用其原有的优势，同时通过德国选举制度的参与来弥补他的劣势。

Introduction

Increasingly strong is human beings’ awareness toward the key significance of the electoral system, more and more people begin to put forward their own opinion as for how the supposed electoral system should be and what will be the best electoral system for their own country. Due to the great relevance of the electoral system toward human beings’ personal interests, human beings would like to know more details about the electoral system at the first place so that they can later make a wise choice toward the electoral system their country chooses to implement. It is known that Americans often complain about the limited choice that two parties offer and long for a third (or fourth, or fifth) party.Germany, on the other hand, has what many feel is an ideal electoral structure. Therefore the following will be the elaboration of the comparisons and contrast of the American and German electoral system with the pros and cons of each system being referred to, hoping that it can provide human beings some feasible ideas about their own country’s electoral system. As far as I am concerned, it is better for theUnited Statesto be with some combination in between of both the American and German electoral system.

The American and German Electoral System

First and foremost comes the American electoral system with only two parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. That is to say, the presidents of theUnited Statesare mainly elected from these two parties. For example, presidents like David Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagon and so on are all from the Republican Party while presidents like Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry Truman, James Carter, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, etc. are all from the Democratic Party (O’ Neil, Charles A. 1887). And it is also stated that those who can be successfully elected as the American presidents should be those who are natives American born inUSAand have lived inAmericafor at least fourteen years. Moreover, the presidents should be more than thirty-five years old when elected and they could not be more than two terms or ten years. When one has successfully elected as the president of theUnited States, then it means that this person has in the meantime been endowed with party leadership, administrative leadership, domestic policy leadership, foreign policy leadership, military leadership as well as symbolic leadership.

Generally speaking, elections for President and Vice President of theUnited Statestend to be indirect elections in which voters cast ballots for a slate of electors of the U.S. Electoral College, who in turn directly are elected as the President and Vice President (Myers, Amanda Kelley. 2010). It is indirect in that it does not directly elect the President and the Vice President but instead it elects the President and Vice President through the way of negation of all those unqualified ones. To put it into more specifically, most state laws in theUnited Statesset up a winner-take-all system in which the ticket wins a plurality of votes will naturally be the final vote for the whole state’s allocated electoral votes which will later share the right to have their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.MaineandNebraskaare the two exceptions that have not established such a winner-take-all system. That is to say, the elector that obtains more than 270 will win the election as the total electoral votes are 538 which are made up by 100 Senates, 435 Congressmen as well as 3 electors in the Distribute of Columbia. We can as well say that there are 535 representatives in Congress plus 3 electors in the Distribute of Columbia (Sayre, Wallace Stanley. 1972). Then comes the process of presidential election. The whole process of presidential election can be divided into the below ones: primary election, nominating process, running, general election and inauguration.

Speaking of the advantages of the American electoral system, the whole process of the presidential election is a totally transparent election process so that all the citizens inAmericacan be familiar with the detailed condition about the election. In this way, those American citizens can well exercise their rights as a citizen and owner so that they can in the meanwhile take the responsibility of a citizen. Also, the whole process of the presidential election seems to be a fully competitive one in that there are only two parties to be elected and people have no other choice. It can be easily understood that there will a really fierce competition between these two parties so that these two parties have to perform better in order to be successfully elected in the end. Moreover, the whole process of the presidential election is full of complex and subsequent procedures and it can still be conducted smoothly one by one, which can indicate that the American electoral system is actually a matured election system in the highly developed American culture.

However, there are also many disadvantages of the American electoral system. Firstly, the frequency and length of elections will be a big problem for such election. That is to say, frequent public polls can actually be carried out with longer time spent and those American citizens have to be engaged in such an election for rather a long period of time, making it seem to be somewhat inefficient. Besides, the quality of campaigns is not satisfactory at all which are negative advertising lacking in real issues but instead are very costly and money-consuming. Thus such an election will actually tend to be a great burden for the great majority of Americans in one way or another. In addition, the troublesome registering process during the whole election process and much coverage by the media will make the whole election process seem to be more complex. What is a pity to say is that in the fierce competition, a lot of immoral trick has been used and personal attacks and defame are always used in the campaign. The existing election system makes it hard for other third party (except the Republican Party and the Democratic Party) to be elected.

With the American electoral system and its pros and cons being mentioned at length in the above, what follows will be the German electoral system as well as its pros and cons. Comparatively speaking, the German electoral system can be described as direct, equal, free, general and secret and it is also one of the fairest and most complicated systems around. The difficulty to understand the German electoral system lies in theGermany’s combination of parliament democracy in which parties are supreme and voters are allowed to elect a local candidate (Special Online International. 2013). Elections for the Bundestag combine single member districts with proportional representation and the Bundestag elections usually takes place every four years on Sundays. The German basic law specifies that one that comes of age has a ‘passive voting right’ and one that reaches eighteen will accordingly share an ‘active voting right’. It is recorded that Germans elect their Members of Parliament through two votes and as long as the candidate can win a district race based on first votes will be given a seat in the Bundestag.

Blankly speaking, the German electoral system is actually a mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system. As a matter of fact, the German electoral system has led to a situation where any party is hard to form a government on its own and the alliance of parties will be the trend. Or maybe it can be put in another way that they would vote for the specific party they would like to govern and allied with so that coalition statements are usually issued before the election campaign is called for (Facts about Germany. 2015). In the article of A.K., it is depicted that the German electoral system is a combination of the “winner takes all” model used in most Anglo-Saxon countries and a proportional-representation system. A.K. added that such system devised a method in which voters make two choices, left side voting for an individual from their district and right side voting for a party (A.K. 2013).

From the above, we can know that the German electoral system can help create a multiparty structure and distributes seats in pretty close correspondence with the popular vote. In this way, human beings can have more choices when they are making their decision for the election. But more choices may sometimes make the German election produce something of a stalemate, with no obvious coalition of parties able to muster a majority of support in the legislature, ultimately producing a “Grand Coalition” of the Christian Democrats (right) and Social Democrats (left). Under such circumstance, the German electoral system may tend to be ineffective more or less. In the meantime, more choices will also lead to the hesitance of human beings to make up their final decision. Another defect of the German electoral system is political fragmentation and many parties will be related with the politics. What is worse, some people may even vote for a different party for both the first and second votes, resulting in the inaccurate implementation of such electoral system.

Conclusion

To sum up, theUnited Statesis better to choose an electoral system that is to be with some combination in between of both the American and German electoral system. Only in this way can theUnited Statestake the best advantage of its original strengths and in the meantime bypass its disadvantages through the involvement of the German electoral system.

References

1. A.K. 2013. How doesGermany’s electoral system work?

2. Facts aboutGermany. 2015. The electoral system.

3. Myers, Amanda Kelley. 2010. Importing democracy: can lessons learned fromGermany,India, andAustraliahelp reform the American electoral system. Pepperdine Law Review. Pp 1113-1161.

4. O’ Neil, Charles A. 1887. The American electoral system. New YorkandLondon, G.P. Putnam’ sons.

5. Sayre, Wallace Stanley. 1972. Voting for President: the electoral college and the American political system. Washington: Brookings Institution.

6. Special Online International. 2013. Complicated Yet Fair:Germany’s Voting System Explained.

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