Knowledge management research in practice--英国Essay代写范文

英国留学生Essay代写范文:“Knowledge management research in practice”，这篇论文主要描述的是在这变化莫测的商业环境当中，企业的发展面临着来自不同方面的挑战，企业只有优化自身的管理和加强企业的知识管理，知识管理能够帮助企业提高员工对于知识和技能的掌握程度，进而提升企业的综合文化素质和生产效率，那么影响知识管理成功的因素有哪些呢？

She has also cleared NET, the National Eligibility Test for lectureship conducted by University Grants Commission, India. She has also organized and chaired many international conferences. She has presented many research papers in national and international conferences organized by various universities across the county and her papers awarded as best paper in many conferences. Her research and teaching interests include Financial Management, Quantitative Techniques with SPSS, Brand Management, Income Tax, Banking, Organizational Behaviour, Strategic Marketing, Training and Development, Services Marketing, Accounting for Decision Making. She has published more than 60 of her research papers in various reputed referred national, international journals and books. In the year 2010-2011, Ms. Anli Suresh was chosen as the distinguished fellow of Global Strategic Management Inc, Michigan, and USA.

The rapidly changing business environment and the constant challenges it poses to organizations and businesses makes it imperative to continuously enhance knowledge and skill sets across the organization. Knowledge Management involves several strategies that an organization may use to educate, train, share experiences, document processes and procedures, distribute information, and keep that information up to date. However the success of knowledge management lies in the role played by the organization, the developers and the users themselves. A critical success factor is a performance area of critical importance in achieving consistently high productivity and sustainability. There are at least two broad categories of key success factors that are common to virtually all organizations: business processes and human processes. Both are crucial to building great companies. The focus of this paper is on the human process areas. Compared to the work on explicit knowledge, the management of tacit knowledge is relatively unexplored. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how some factors are critical for the successful application of Knowledge Management (KM). This paper makes an exploratory study about Knowledge Management in practice at various organizations in Chennai and tries to identify the critical success factors. Based on various literatures review key factors for tacit knowledge management have been identified and the positive impact of tacit knowledge on organizational sustainability is analyzed. A survey was done among 160 stakeholders of various organizations in Chennai and based on their responses a factor analysis was carried out. The outcome of this empirical research provides indications on the leverages for the effective development and management of KM through Critical Success Factors (CSFs). The evaluation confirms the critical success factors, as dependent on both tacit and explicit knowledge sharing and interaction which play a significant role for Knowledge Management to thrive in an organization to enhance its sustainability.

Introduction

What is Knowledge?

Knowledge is the basis for, and the driver of, our post-industrial economy. In today's economy, knowledge is people, money, leverage, learning, flexibility, power, and competitive advantage. Knowledge is the full utilization of information and data, coupled with the potential of people's skills, competencies, ideas, intuitions, commitments and motivations. Knowledge is more relevant to sustained business than capital, labor or land. Nevertheless, it remains the most neglected asset. It is more than justified true belief and is essential for action, performance and adaption. Knowledge provides the ability to respond to novel situations. A holistic view considers knowledge to be present in ideas, judgments, talents, root causes, relationships, perspectives and concepts. Knowledge is stored in the individual brain or encoded in organizational processes, documents, products, services, facilities and systems. Knowledge is the result of learning which provides the only sustainable competitive advantage. Knowledge is action, focused innovation, pooled expertise, special relationships and alliances. Knowledge is value-added behavior and activities. For knowledge to be of value it must be focused, current, tested and shared. Knowledge has been recognized as a key corporate asset and the only source of sustainable competitive advantage. Organizations today can effectively create knowledge and also utilize, manage and share that knowledge to sustain in the race for the top position. This is made easier with the advancement in internet and e-commerce technologies that enable companies to share knowledge easily and evaluate their intangible assets more accurately.

What is Knowledge Management?

Knowledge management is an audit of "intellectual assets" that highlights unique sources, critical functions and potential bottlenecks which hinder knowledge flows to the point of use. It protects intellectual assets from decay, seeks opportunities to enhance decisions, services and products through adding intelligence, increasing value and providing flexibility. Knowledge management complements and enhances other organizational initiatives such as total quality management (TQM), business process re-engineering (BPR) and organizational learning, providing a new and urgent focus to sustain competitive position. To serve customers well and remain in business companies must: reduce their cycle times, operate with minimum fixed assets and overhead (people, inventory and facilities), shorten product development time, improve customer service, empower employees, innovate and deliver high quality products, enhance flexibility and adaption, capture information, create knowledge, share and learn. None of this is possible without a continual focus on the creation, updating, availability, quality and use of knowledge by all employees and teams, at work and in the marketplace. The concept of knowledge management is to ensure that reinvention of the wheel does not take place, to ensure that one can build on what he learn from others and in the organizational context to ensure that the response time to adapt to environmental changes is reduced. In a highly competitive world where every unit of time is crucial and where every decision is strategic, it becomes imperative that an organizational repository of knowledge is generated and stored in an accessible place. Knowledge management is an essential part of strategic management process hence; organizations should undertake knowledge management programs. In doing so, they would gain competitive advantage that comes with improved or faster learning and new knowledge creation. KM programs may lead to greater innovation, better customer experiences, consistency in good practices and knowledge access across a global organization, as well as many other benefits. In the knowledge economy, organizations are no longer driven by their physical assets but by the value of their knowledge. In this paper an attempt is made to identify the critical success factors for KM to thrive in an organization to capture tacit knowledge of different stakeholders of the organization and make it explicit so that other employees can take advantage of it and an organization can enhance its sustainability.

Review of Literature:

According to a case study made by Goswami (2004) large organizations suffer from a lack of cohesiveness and duplicates efforts because they have scattered or virtual units, flexi-hours and work from home options. Moreover the employees working in such organizations suffer from lack of self-esteem and do not show loyalty. In such cases although a large amount of knowledge will be generated, it will not be put to proper use due to lack of connectivity. Hence knowledge dissemination will not take place. Kim et al, (2004) suggest that: the decision-making oriented approach is a valid way of identifying knowledge requirements. Interaction with others, as opposed to isolation is important if knowledge conversion is to take place Stover (2004, p. 167). Spring (2003) argued that transfer of tacit knowledge strongly depends on the distinction between face-to-face and arm’s length relationships. According to Cavusgil et al (2003) the closeness of the two partners are key to the degree of tacit knowledge transfer. Kochikar (2001) in his case study suggest that Infosys has conceived, developed and deployed internally an elaborate architecture for KM, that aims to take the company to a ‘Learn Once, Use Anywhere’ paradigm. The challenge is to create direct people-to-people sharing mechanism. Knowledge which is new to an organization has to either be invented internally, or acquired from external sources. There are two types of knowledge: explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Nonaka et al. (2000) and other authors such as Hall and Andriani (2002) describe explicit knowledge as what can be embodied in a code or a language and as a consequence it can be communicated, processed, transmitted and stored relatively easily. It can be shared in the form of data, scientific formulae, manuals and such like. In contrast, tacit knowledge is personal and hard to formalize – it is rooted in action, procedures, commitment, values and emotions etc. Tacit knowledge is not codified, it is not communicated in a ‘language’, and it is acquired by sharing experiences, by observation and imitation Hall & Andriani (2002). Tacit and explicit knowledge are complementary, which means both types of knowledge are essential to knowledge creation. Explicit knowledge without tacit insight quickly looses its meaning. Knowledge is created through interactions between tacit and explicit knowledge and not from either tacit or explicit knowledge alone (Nonaka et al. 2000). Davenport and Marchand (1999) suggest that: “whilst knowledge management does involve information management, beyond that it has two distinctive tasks: to facilitate the creation of new knowledge and to manage the way people share and apply it”. Prahlad and Hamel (1990) suggest that intellect clearly resides inside the firm’s human brains. Elements of knowledge, skills and understanding can also exist in the organization’s systems, databases or operating technologies. If properly matched, intellect in each form is both highly leverage able and protectable.

Statement of the problem:

Murphy & Verma (2008) stated that, “As globalization and shifting demographics reshape competitive ground rules, companies that fail to treat knowledge management (KM) as an initiative of the highest importance will lose intellectual assets, suffer from employee turnover, exacerbate security threats, and ultimately lower valuations. It’s time for enterprises to exert control over KM and treat it as an issue of the highest order.” Knowledge Management programs are typically claimed to be tied to specific organizational objectives and are intended to lead to the achievement of specific targeted results such as improved performance, competitive advantage, or higher levels of innovation. Tacit knowledge is only known by an individual. The complexity is in finding a way of communicating it to the rest of an organization. It is personal knowledge that is rooted in individual experience, and involving personal belief, perspective and values. Explicit knowledge is knowledge that can be articulated, codified, and stored in certain media. Considering the tacit knowledge of an organization as one key for the efficiency of it, knowledge becomes a vital and tangible asset. To facilitate the sharing of knowledge thus can highly improve the efficiency of the whole organization by leveraging the existing knowledge. The implementation of a knowledge management process that aims to target, transfer and organize this knowledge is obviously especially important for companies that have to face a high number of people leaving and joining. In general Knowledge management comprises three main factors - designing learning cycles into all activities of an organization; developing ways of systematic applying new knowledge in the activities of the organization; and in the process finding ways to help convert the personal knowledge of individuals into organizational knowledge, and vice versa. Although these elements have been discussed at length in the extant literature on the subject, there have been no broad-based analyses of critical success factors for KM to thrive in an organization to capture tacit knowledge make it explicit and its relationship to one another to enhance its sustainability, and this gap in the literature is a serious deficiency for both organizations and researchers alike.

Objective of the study:

To identify the critical success factors for KM to thrive in an organization to capture tacit knowledge of different stakeholders of the organization as customers, shareholders, employees, suppliers etc. and make it explicit so that other employees can take advantage of it and an organization can enhance its sustainability.

Research Methodology:

The methodology adopted is exploratory and descriptive based on the figures from the Primary data questionnaire from the sample size which consists of 160 respondents of various organizations in and around Chennai through simple random sampling. This sampling technique is an economical method for collecting data from a large geographical area. This method is cheaper and also faster. However, there is a chance of sampling error. This constraint was overcome by increasing the required sample size. Sampling unit for this research are managers from various selected industries. Questionnaire consisted of 25 factors which directly or indirectly influenced Knowledge Management also consists of statements asking the respondents’ to state their agreement/disagreement on the issues of knowledge management. Each question was scored using a five-point Likert scale. Secondary data collected from various books, journals, reviews and websites. After the data had been collected, it was processed & tabulated directly in to SPSS 17.0 Software. SPSS version 17.0 statistical software was used and the results obtained thereby have been analyzed and interpreted. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability was done to find out the reliability of the data.

Data Analysis & Interpretation

As predicted KM awareness is higher in IT companies. More than 90% respondents from IT companies are aware about Knowledge Management. Compare to that, 60% respondents from Pharma & Chemical, 80% respondents from Banking and Insurance, and 75% respondents from other industry are aware about knowledge management. This suggests that IT company executives are more aware about knowledge management than other industry executives. Here it can be observed that 70% of the respondents from IT industry are not only aware but also using KM concepts, which is significantly higher than of others. KM has been more popularized in last decade and more famous as an IT enabled concepts. Because of high employee turnover and organizational knowledge losses, first implementers of KM are IT organizations. The critical success factors of KM to thrive in an organization are validated by the findings.

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