Gramsci's practical philosophy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Gramsci's practical philosophy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了葛兰西的实践哲学。葛兰西是意大利共产党领袖，他提出的实践哲学不仅摆脱了二元论的限制，而且也给唯物主义者与唯心主义者一种思考自身学说的全新方式。葛兰西也结合当时一战后意大利的社会历史状况，将哲学理论与现实生活紧密结合，提出了自己的实践哲学的理论，来指导无产阶级进行革命。

Gramsci's practical philosophy not only gets rid of the limitation of dualism, but also gives materialists and idealists a new way to think about their own theories. Moreover, gramsci combined the social and historical situation of Italy after world war I, closely combined philosophical theory with real life, and put forward his own theory of practical philosophy to guide the proletariat to carry out revolution.

Due to the presence of the two industrial revolution, the rapid rise of the western capitalist countries, the rapid development of economy, enterprise scale is gradually expanding, the pattern of past cannot continue to promote the development of their own, thus appeared the joint-stock way of financing, stock allows more large enterprises to raise from the investment of many sided, but cannot compete with small scale, lead to many enterprises continuously fail, there are many is consolidation, so the money is concentrated. In order to expand their assets, the capitalists constantly exploit the laborers, thus increasing the contradiction between the laborers and the capitalists, increasing the class gap and widening the gap between the rich and the poor. With the widening of economic gap, developed countries began to plunder the outside world in order to continue to promote the continuous development of their own economy. It was in this context that the World War I came into being. After colonial and semi-colonial countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin America were carved up by foreign powers, a new round of world carving up frenzy would begin. With the end of the war, although Italy was the victorious country, its politics and economy were greatly damaged. As a result of the end of the war, the production of military industry was constantly reduced, and many enterprises were faced with bankruptcy, resulting in the first economic crisis after the World War I. The economic crisis was turning into a political crisis. In order to suppress this crisis, the Italian government turned to the fascist road. They kept suppressing socialism and practicing autocracy, which made the people live in poverty. So many countries and the communist international first task is to fight against fascism.

While the negative impact of the first world war is indelible, but the first world war makes people realize that the bourgeoisie is the root cause of suffering, so the proletariat has grown in many countries, including Russia and France, the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917 was led by Lenin, founded the first socialist country Soviet Russia, this is for the encouragement of the proletariat, in many countries such as Finland, Germany, Hungary and other countries, they also began to try of violent revolution, but because of many reasons, they try to defeat. At the same time, some countries failed to grasp that the proletariat caused by the October revolution could overthrow the bourgeois trend through violent revolution and maintain the bourgeois rule under the banner of "fighting for the motherland". Under the influence of the Russian, Italian proletariat began to against the bourgeoisie, the torino 1920 workers went on strike event happens, the strike to deep effects on Europe developed capitalist countries, although the resistance to the success of capitalism as the ending, but why did the revolution make many philosophers began to think about revolution fail? How can you achieve ultimate success? Among them was gramsci, whose philosophy of praxis was born in this situation.

Western modern philosophers only regard practice as a moral concept, and goodness is the ultimate goal they pursue. The concept of practice has been extended since Kant, but he still emphasizes the study from the perspective of morality. At the same time, he thinks that practice is a rational spirit rather than a feeling. At the same time, he points out that practice is rooted in subjective agency, and Kant holds that we have reason in mind to govern our actions. Hegel's most representative thought is his dialectic thought. He believes that all things in the world are always in dialectics. Hegel emphasizes that "substance is subject", which also emphasizes a dynamic process, an active feature, namely the transformation to its opposite. Hegel thought that history is also like this, always in the process of change, change is the core, and history is the external phenomenon of this change, this view has a profound impact on gramsci. He pointed out: "the philosophy of praxis is a full understanding of the philosophy that gets rid of the one-sidedness of the ideological system. "Hegel enables people to better understand history, understand reality as a process of continuous dialectical development, and take man's inner rationality as the standard of practice.

Croce is a famous Italian thinker, who advocates the subjective initiative of human beings and thinks that history is also driven by the initiative of human beings. In the field of social history, he pointed out that "all true history is contemporary history", he believed that we people constantly play our active role in social life, and history will record the events that happened in this reality, so history is reality. At the same time, croce pointed out that there is a certain relationship between the past and the present, which makes the past exist forever as history. Croce's thought influenced the early gramsci and laid a foundation for his practical philosophy. However, gramsci gradually found that croce's view of history was driven by human initiative, which neglected the external objective material world and failed to deal with the relationship between material world and human spirit. R's idea is feasible in theory. The continuation of the Italian revolution, so that people live in dire straits, croce's thinking more clearly exposed the limitations. Gramsci deeply realized that in order to realize national liberation, we should not only pay attention to ideological problems, but also shift our attention to real life, unify philosophy and politics, and change the existing living conditions practically. Although croce thought has its limitation, but we still must affirm his positive significance.

The formation of la rauliola's thought was deeply guided by Engels. He creatively put forward the new philosophical form of philosophy of practice, which he started to study based on the current social reality. Laborio emphasized that "the philosophy of praxis is to grasp the metaphysical doctrine from the work of reality." Gramsci affirmed rauliola's understanding of philosophy of praxis, and made a more in-depth discussion of his thoughts. He believed that philosophy of praxis is not only to expound history, but also to transform and create history. Starting from the national conditions of Italy, we should find the method that conforms to the revolution of our country, change the thinking first, and then from theory to practice.

Gramsci was deeply influenced by Marx. We live in a society, the original is in the form of labor, and labor is what we call the practice of the specific form of expression, the significance of labor is very important, labor the people into the society, began to create belong to our own history, if there is no work, the life of people don't like now so comfortable, activity form is also not so rich. It is through labor that we can make the products we need, and it is the abundance of products that drives the existing world forward. Under the influence of Marx, gramsci made a careful discussion and put forward the view of "practice monism", which gave us a new perspective to reinterpret the previous philosophical views and explore modern social life. Second, the main co

Gramsci stated: "only when the practice of philosophy as a complete and original philosophy, can understand the meaning of dialectics. In the 1980s, there were two ways to explain marxist theory: one was that the thinkers of the second international used vulgar materialism to elaborate, during which bukharin had the most representative significance. His classic work "theory of historical materialism" was a good proof. Bukharin followed the orthodox interpretation, thinking that Marx's new materialism was dialectical, so he could be verified from the political and social reality, and examined practical philosophy from metaphysics and other aspects. Gramsci don't think his this way of thinking from the right field to understand Marx's theory, he will be the equivalent of the old materialism, marxist philosophy, and he ignored the gleaming in place -- dialectics thought, at the same time, his thought history and natural phenomena like can be verified, is no accidental is inevitable, even if there is an accident, the accident has its inherent law, the idea of returning to the arms of mechanical materialism. The second way is to refute the orthodox explanation. The main representatives are Powell and Adler, who connect philosophy of practice with idealism, but gramsci's main object of refutation is croce. He never had a clear definition of materialism, but he conflated old materialism with new materialism in his rebuttal of bukharin. The philosophy of praxis is the history of the results of people's social life. We can find that gramsci's philosophy of practice sublates materialism and integrates dialectics into materialism, and is a philosophy exploring people's social life.

In the prison notes, he states: "monism is the identity with the opposite in concrete reality, and the identity of the opposite in human activities. Its core is mainly reflected in two aspects: first, the external real world is the premise and foundation of our thinking development; Second, we should start from ourselves, explore the real things based on our own practice, and connect with people when we study the existing society. Gramsci has always recognized that in the unity of the two, we should put practice in the first place, and the existing world is only a tool to serve our practice. At the same time, he did not discuss practice at the ontological level, but summarized practice into epistemology, and made philosophy more social through practice to adapt to the cultural criticism in social life. We all know, Marx to the practice discussion is in the political and economic life, but gramsci to see, this kind of thinking mode of practice "productive labor" mechanical corresponding economic basis and superstructure, inevitably lead to economic determinism, therefore, he emphasized analysis should not only from the material production practice, we need to see the practice as "specifically, inextricably linked to the activities of the". This is gramsci beyond Marx, he combined with the social and historical situation at that time, so that marxist thought began to turn to cultural criticism. Gramsci emphasized that philosophy of practice has two objects, one is to put forward a lot of thoughts of philosophers, thinkers, and one is not highly educated people, the main task of practical philosophy is to educate the masses, cultivate proletarian intellectuals, so as to seize the cultural leadership. Gramsci transcends the boundary between disciplines and connects multiple disciplines to study marxism, which enables us to understand marxism from a new perspective and think about Marx's philosophical revolution.

Marx mentioned in the outline that "man is the sum of all social relations", gramsci thought this sentence is to emphasize that the fact of the past is created by man, and this fact is generated continuously with practical activities. It is because he always believes that history is constantly improved because of the existence of human beings, and that history will never exist if no one is born. Therefore, he believes that philosophy of practice can also be called "absolute historicism". But when we want to examine the thought, we must first examine the historical value criticalness, gramsci realizes this kind of discussion through to croce's historical view criticism. Groce think it is also the history of the "absolute", but we can find that he has to understand the nature and human society developing process is not existing world, but only thought of abstract concepts, through criticizing the groce, gramsci realize historicism can mobilize the masses, study the social history, analysis of the proletariat. We all know that gramsci was constrained by this idea in his early days, right? M then he abandoned, but did not completely cut off the contact, but the sublation. At the same time, gramsci also negated the old materialism that productivity was the only factor. Although mechanical determinism will give people a beautiful vision, as long as the productive forces are developed, eventually socialism can be achieved, but it is precisely this kind of thinking that prevents us from continuing to pursue, so we must firmly oppose vulgar materialism. Historicism makes gramsci's criticism more powerful. Although he added his own subjective judgment to his explanation of history, it is precisely because of this subjectivity that history can still influence today. We must adhere to the "historical facts", make practice constantly self-criticism, constantly re-understanding of history, and constantly promote the development of practice. Gramsci thinks that Marx's philosophy of practice also has its history, so as to prevent vulgar materialism from turning it into an abstract ideology. He thinks that many thoughts and emotions of people are historical, and with practice, history becomes no longer abstract.

Gramsci in combination with the living conditions of the society at that time, to change of Marx's theory, puts forward a new point of view, there are many positive theoretical significance for his doctrines, I summed up the two roughly: gramsci that marxism is the inheritance and transcendence of past philosophy, by perceiving many defects of the old philosophy, he absorbed the reasonable core of Hegel's thought, inherited the basic framework of the feuerbach philosophy, to create their own new theories, points out the academic should now advancing direction; He put a particular emphasis on practice, which he thought was the core of Marx's doctrine, and the key to his argument with the old doctrines was how he viewed practice. The definition of Marx's theory is the philosophy of practice. However, many scholars only discuss the practice in our thinking, which hides the superiority of Marx's theory. Therefore, his emphasis is very important.

Gramsci's practice is to Marx many thought beyond, for us to understand marxism expand the new domain, this is commendable, but all the great thought has its inevitable limitations, due to the different time, different main body, are faced with the problem are different, I briefly discuss the three limitations of the theory: in reflection bukharin's thoughts, he emphasized the theory produced in feeling, sometimes confusion of Hegel and feuerbach's theory, it has a misunderstanding on the new materialism. Gramsci's one-sided emphasis on subjectivity is inconsistent with marxism. We should give full play to our subjective initiative in the process of practice, but in the process of discussing practical activities, we ignore the objectivity of society and believe that the external world cannot exist without human beings, which leads to the one-sided exaggeration of human subjectivity. Marx acknowledges subjectivity, but at the same time he emphasizes that man has an objective meaning from the beginning of existence. Marx pointed out that human practice is influenced by human will, but practice has its objectivity. Gramsci sometimes placed will higher than practice, ignoring the restriction of objective laws on practice and overemphasizing the role of will. Gramsci's philosophy of practice makes us more clear and accurate understanding of marxism, although its practical philosophy has limitations, but we can't be biased, was completely ignored because it is defective, we should seize his practical philosophy is superior, the study on the innovation of marxism, he pursuit of the true, the depth of the significance of today's social development.

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