美国论文代写：The influence of eastern and Western culture on science

本文是一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The influence of eastern and Western culture on science，供大家赏析学习，这篇论文讨论了东西方文化对科学的影响。谈及东方文化，儒家思想无疑是东方文化的基础，所以东方的科学家受到儒家思想的影响是不可避免的，而儒家思想对科学家影响最大的就是传承。西方，根据基督教的教条，世界上的一切都是上帝创造的。而西方宗教思想的精神驱动着人们去发现自然规律，最终基督教文化促进了现代科学的出现。

Introduction

Science is an integral part of culture. It is generated and developed in a certain background. Various cultures can result in different science and technology, so there are numerous differences between the ancient eastern science and the modern Western science (Kneller, 1911). The two cultures determine the varied characters of the two kinds of science and technology. Among all culture factors, religion plays an important role on the development of science and technology and even the whole society. Hence, the goal of the paper is to discuss how the eastern and western cultures affect the formation and development of science and technology in the two areas. The paper firstly compares the similarities and differences between Christianism and Confucianism. Then, it discusses how each of the two religions affects the formation and development of their regional science.

The Comparison between Christianism and Confucianism

Both Christians and Confucians believe the existence of God, even though their understandings are not perfectly the same (Ching, 1977). They all think that God creates and arranges the whole world. God determines a person’s fate. He has the power and the right to punish or award human beings, while the individuals themselves can do nothing to change their fates. Believers’ attitudes to God are complicated.

As discussed above, in the minds of westerners and easterners, God is not exactly the same. The differences can be reflected in the following aspects. At first, westerners believe that human beings can understand and accept the spirit of God, while, in the eastern world, the spirit of God is a mystery(Ching, 1977). People can do nothing but take it negatively. Secondly, their attitudes to God are different. Westerners spend almost their whole lives to study God. They wish to understand and even shorten the distance between them and the God. On the contrast, easterners rarely study God. Thirdly, westerners believe that God creates everything in the world, so human beings should do their best to accomplish the missions arranged by God, while in easterners’ mind, the effects the God has on the universe are more important (Wu, 2010). They believe that everything is determined by God, so an individual’s effort is meaningless. Hence, for easterners, God is unreachable, while for westerners, God is in their mind. All the things the westerners done are for the God and to the God. Their goal is to add honor to God. However, Chinese simply rely on blessings from God and take God as the determinant to realize their own targets(Ching, 1977).

Confucianism’s effect on the Ancient Science

When talking about the eastern culture, Confucianism is the one that must be mentioned. The basis of the eastern culture is the Confucianism. Most eastern scientists are related to the Confucianism, and some are important Confucian scholars. Hence, it was inevitable that eastern scientists’ scientific researches were affected by Confucian thoughts. Their research motivation, knowledge basis and research methods were heavily influenced by the culture of Confucian (Yeh, 1969). When reviewing ancient eastern scientists’ research motivation, it is easy to find that their main target was to fulfill the needs of the national. They attached great importance to the practicability of these researches.

Meanwhile, influenced by Confucian thoughts, scientists kept within the bounds of the pervious classics. Because of this, numerous scientists just repeated the experiments conducted by their predecessors, or just made some comments on the previous works. Thus, the inheritance of the ancient eastern science is obvious. Rare of them added innovative ideas into their researches, which hindered the further development of the ancient eastern science (YEUNG, 2003). Thus, the culture of Confucianism had imposed a far-reaching effect to the development of ancient eastern science. 

Christianism’s effect on the Modern Science

According to the Dogma of Christ, everything in the world is created by God.  Human beings have two channels to cognize the existence of God. One is to learn from the enlightenment, the other is to study the nature, the science and all the substances in the world which is created by God (Hannam, 2011). Therefore, many Middle Ages scholars believed that studying the nature was the holy responsibility of Christian believers. In the Thomas era, within the scope of natural science, rationality has become an independent part. Every theory in the world, including the existence of God, needs to be testified rationally. The position of rationality got improved, which provided a prerequisite for the formation and development of the modern scientific thinking (Kneller, 1911).

Philosophers who believed in Christianism tried to prove the existence of God through analyzing the order of nature. They pointed that the harmonious natural order advantageously proved the existence of a rational God, so they realized that understanding the nature should be an effective method to approach God. Driven this idea, people started to discover the laws of nature(Hannam, 2011). Actually, modern experimental science that had imposed huge effects on the formation and development of modern science was driven by the spirit of religious thoughts. Hence, it is reasonable to say that the culture of Christianism promoted the emergence of modern science to a great extent.

Conclusion

Culture and science are closely interlined and mutually reinforcing. With the development of science, the culture of each area has been inherited and widely spread. Similarly, various cultures can result in different science and technology. In the process of study God, western scientists discovered the laws of nature. However, following the culture of Confucian, ancient eastern scientists focused on the topics that can benefit their people.

Reference:

Ching, Julia. Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study. 1st ed. New York;Tokyo;: Kodansha International, 1977. Web.

Hannam, James. "Modern Science's Christian Sources: James Hannam Explodes the Persistent Myth that Medieval Christianity Impeded the Growth of Science." First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life.216 (2011): 47. Web.

Kneller Karl Alois, 1857.Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science: A Contribution to the History of Culture in the Nineteenth Century. Germany:, 1911. Web.

Wu, Yun. "A Comparison of the Ideas of Authority between Christianity and Confucianism-from the Perspective of the Idea of "Fear"." Journal of Sino - Western Communications 2.2 (2010): 108. Web.

Yeh, Theodore T. Y.Confucianism, Christianity & China. New York: Philosophical Library, 1969. Web.

YEUNG, HING KAU. Chinese Religions, Confucianism and Science in China., 2003. Web.

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