Transformation of Manchester-paper代写

本文是一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Transformation of Manchester，供大家赏析学习，这篇论文讨论了曼彻斯特的变革。作为英国传统的工业基地和第二大繁荣城市，曼彻斯特经历了从繁荣到衰落，然后通过变革再次繁荣起来了。曼彻斯特的转型对工业经济和社会空间都产生了深远的影响。有了政策和业务层面的有效支持，曼彻斯特从传统的制造业城市转变为服务业和后工业的城市，获得了空间、经济和社会多方面的效益。

As Britain's traditional industrial base and the central city second to London, Manchester has experienced a process from prosperity to decline and become prosperous again through transformation. The transformation of Manchester is profound both in industrial economy and social space. Since 1980s, by effective support from the policy and operational level, Manchester has transformed from a traditional manufacturing based industrial city to a post-industrial city relying on the service economy, which has obtained the multiple benefits of space, economic and social aspects.

This essay contains four parts. The first part introduces the background of Manchester transformation. The second part illustrates the transformation examples and their influence in 1980s, 1990s and the 21st century. The third part analyzes the influence of policies and governance on Manchester transformation. The fourth part is the conclusion of the essay.

1.Background Introduction

Manchester is an international city located in northwest England. Manchester generally refers to Greater Manchester, composed by Manchester City, Salford and Trafford. With a total population of about 268 million, Greater Manchester is Britain's third largest metropolitan area following London and Birmingham. (Wikipedia, 2015)

As one traditional industrial city and the origins of the Industrial Revolution, Manchester has two important moments in the history of urban development. The first key moment is from 1950s to 1960s. During this period, Manchester’s cotton textile industry was surpassed by other cities. Its industry is geared to deep processing of cotton products and manufacturing changes of cotton textile machinery, which was a structural transformation in the process of industrialization in Manchester. The second key moment occurred in the late 1970s after World War II. Both cotton textile industry and the shipping industry plunged into a severe recession. The traditional industry experienced the gradual decline. Urban economy was trapped into recession. The appearance of the city was crumbling. The second moment is crucial in the transformation of Manchester. At that time, the city mainly faced four problems.

First and foremost, the textile industry and the shipping industry experienced severe decline. Many enterprises in the processing and trade industry had been closed down and relocated. The city’s industrial area and the waterfront area began to fall into decline.

Secondly, living population decreased. Economic recession led to a sharp drop of the number of the inner-city jobs. A large number of populations relocated to other areas. Inner-city areas became the agglomeration of the low-income class. In the meantime, the British government implemented the “slums clearing plan", which further strengthened the trend of population relocation.

Thirdly, a large number of lands were abandoned. The economic downturn led to a large number of abandoned lands and vacant buildings in the city. In the late 70'sand early80's, one third of the industrial lands in Trafford Park had been in idle state.

Fourthly, the real estate market was stagnant. Decrease of inner-city population, rapid development of suburban high income residential areas and the rising economy of London area had imposed great pressure on Manchester development in the industries like retail and office market. The dilapidated space and harsh environment affected attractions of the surrounding. Housing was backlogged by a large number and the real estate market stalled. (Healey P., 1992)

2.Transformation Examples and Influence

Due to the harsh situation, it was urgent for the government to take actions to govern the city. In the following thirty years, a lot of changes have been taken in Manchester.

2.1 Transformation in 1980

2.1.1 Transformation background

There are three reasons for Manchester transformation in this period. In the first place, the decline of the central area of Manchester is reflected in the reduction of the quality of space. The reason lies in the decline of population activities and enterprise distribution caused by the decline in the region's vitality. In addition, the cost of the conversion of abandoned land and vacant buildings is too high. Similarly, in the Salford port area in the 1970's, with a sharp decline in the volume of trade in Manchester port area, the development of the port declined. The local government realized that in the case that environmental quality and infrastructure had not been improved, the new functions of the port area cannot be expanded. As a result, the local government has decided to set up strong and central organizations to promote the transformation and renewal of the recession area.

2.1.2 Content of Transformation

During this period, the content of transformation can be reflected in two dimensions.

On the one hand, the target of the transformation of the central area is to reuse the city central area about 9.7 hectares of land, to create 6,000 jobs, to increase the population about 2,000 residents, to develop tourism industry and to enhance the international status of Manchester. As a result, a large number of development projects have been put into practice.

On the other hand, there is a perfect regional development plan in the Salford port area. In the functional aspects, the planning encouraged the mixed development of residential houses, offices, leisure and entertainment and other functions. In particular, the plan highlighted the potential possibility of the development of tourism in the waterfront area. In the early stage of the overall planning, the terminal areas were divided into the three parts: residential, office and leisure entertainment. It also focused on water, roads and ancillary facilities and public roads and landscape, trying to form a high quality waterfront environment, community space and the benefits of land development. (Council S C., 1985)

2.1.3 Consequences of transformation

The consequences of transformation in 1980s can also be presented in two aspects.

On the one hand, the plan has supported the implementation of a number of major projects like the transformation of the central railway station to MEX - G Exhibition Center. Meanwhile, the plan also led to the formation of a continuous office and hotel building boom and a large number of high quality office buildings have been completed in this period. At the same time, the promotion of residential projects is also very smooth. According to some projects, it is attempted to transform the warehouses into apartments and the results are very successful. Some of these residential houses are for sale and others are served as affordable housing.

On the other hand, non-office public projects are advancing slowly. Many public projects have had to take office buildings as a focus to balance the investment in cultural and recreational facilities. However, it is difficult for projects that do not match the development of the office buildings to attract investment.

2.2 Transformation in 1990

2.2.1 Transformation background

In this period, the transformation background is closely related to the historical events, which can also be analyzed in two perspectives.

On the one hand, in 1990s, Manchester experienced a lot of big events, including serving as a representative of the Commonwealth to participate in the 1996 and 2000 Olympic bids, the city center bombing incidents and the late British Millennium program.

On the other hand, in the central area of the city, a huge bid campaign produced a huge investment attraction. The large-scale private capital investment greatly promoted the renewal of industrial areas of the city.

2.2.2 Content of transformation

In order to eliminate the impact of the booming incident as soon as possible and restore public confidence in Manchester, the government and the parliament defined the central renewal area as the millennium area, setting up a public-private partnership in Manchester named Manchester Millennium Ltd., which was responsible for the establishment and management of the reconstruction strategy and the international collection of overall planning. The key of the planning is to restore and strengthen the status of the city retail centers, forming a diversified economic base at the center of the region and creating new urban spatial axis and moments by shifting part of the buildings. In the building strategy, plans were made to repair and protect the history of the destructed buildings and introduce modern architectures and innovative designs to form an exciting new image. In the public space, through the cross public path and the public open space, a more pedestrian space was formed by the integration of the streets, squares and the 24-hour areas in parks.

However, in Salford port, Lowry Project, another key project of the millennium plan, had been launched quietly. (Salford City Council, 2008) The project was located in No.8 wharf, which was a collection of shopping, leisure, hotels, restaurants and residential projects, including a cultural center with theatres, concert halls, art galleries and other facilities, Lowry Plaza, a large outdoor public venues and a footbridge across the AI Weir River across the Trafford area, a large shopping center with private health club, shopping malls, cinemas, restaurants, coffee and parking lot and Digital World Centre office area composed by three office buildings.

2.2.3 Consequences of Transformation

It takes six years to complete the recovery project in the urban center of Manchester City. Meanwhile, Lowry Projects in Salford quays area were completed in 2001, which had received wide praise, positioning this area’s great attraction and development advantages in the commercial office development and culture and entertainment.

By the time of the Commonwealth Games in 2002, the whole city had fully presented a new scene. At the same time, the development of digital industry in coastal water area was keen to capture the development of Manchester after the year of 2000, which has laid a foundation for the tremendous progress of the cultural and creative industries and the media industry.

2.3 Transformation in the 21st century

2.3.1 Transformation background

For a new round of global competition, the local government in Manchester has put forward the slogan of creating a city of innovation and further consolidated and enhanced the effectiveness of urban transformation and development. After more than 10-year development and construction, the construction of the core area of Manchester downtown area has been basically completed and begun to develop the surrounding areas with poor conditions, where has a strong demand for innovation and development.

2.3.2 Content of Transformation

The new development orientation has named Manchester as the largest employment drive engine in the northwest region of England and the most important cultural and creative center in northern England. The core strategy of the regional development framework is to require the city to provide a unique, attractive and high quality center network, to strengthen regional identity and to provide basic services and healthy diets to the nearest residents. At the same time, the central area is divided into multiple special dice regions like different urban sub areas of business and finance, shopping, heritage, culture, livable communities, higher education and transportation services. The plan is intended to strengthen a multiple city center with global attraction. Planning attaches great importance to the impact on the environment, the city's average annual employment land and retail area of the supply, the average annual housing supply and housing density.

2.3.3 Consequences of Transformation

The consequences can be listed in three perspectives of space, economy and society.

In the first place, reshaped Manchester has become a vibrant and unique area, continuing to attract investors, residents and tourists from all over the world. Plenty of space for office provides a high level of business services and innovation environment; high quality residential areas inject vitality for redevelopment; museums, theatres, art galleries, concert halls, large public facilities, many small cafes, bars and shops demonstrate diversification of public and recreational facilities; large and small public space connected in series into a network and each space is unique.

In the second place, the transformation of Manchester for decades has shifted industrial structure emphasis from manufacturing to services. At the beginning of 1960s, manufacturing industry accounted for approximately 70 percent of the city's total economic output and now it accounts for only about 10 percent. (Manchester City Council, 2008) The traditional iron and steel, textiles and shipping departments have been replaced by financial services, business services and other industries. Future advantage industries in Manchester include financial and other professional services, hotels and catering, transportation, banking and insurance industries, health, education, and business services. However, retail and wholesale industry will further decline. Manchester's advantage is mainly reflected in business activities, which demonstrate the vitality and potentiality of Manchester in terms of the creative economy.

In the third place, Manchester urban population has dropped to a minimum of 390 thousand people by the end of the 20th century. But in the 21st century, with the emerging industry and the attractiveness of the old city, the center city population starts growing again.

With the adjustment of industrial structure, employment structure in Manchester has continued to change. Employment proportion of manufacturing industry, construction industry and retail trade continues to decline, but the proportion of finance, health care, education, innovation, tourism continues to rise.

From the above analysis, it can be inferred that Manchester has turned up with a brand new atmosphere and environment, which attract a large number of tourists and residents.

3.Analysis of policies and governance

3.1 Creating a favorable environment for the development of city transformation

In the eighties of the 20th century, with Thatcher coming into power, Britain's economic policies transformed from planning to the market by the power of the Conservative Party. Thatcher pursuing the new liberalism policy tried to reduce the government's efforts to interfere in the free market, limit government planning act and offer deregulation of private investment. The new policies injected new vitality to industrial cities like Manchester and reversed the declining trend.

On the other hand, on the means of development, the central and local governments have adopted the peripheral suburban area development restrictions and actively promoted renewal of inner-city area communities, promoting the resources and attention flowing back to the fading areas of the old city.

3.2 Strong post-industrialization industrial policies

3.2.1 Upgrading the industrial structure

Manchester's industrial transformation is from an industrial economy to a service economy and from traditional industries to new industries. In the 1980s, the driving effect of business oriented development was very obvious. Manchester firmly seizes the business development opportunity, making the business services industry, regional retail service industry, financial service industry and aviation service industry become pioneers in the economic transformation in Manchester and replacing the original manufacturing industry, output and employment structure of the city along with the rapidly changing, which forms a post-industrialization trend. Manchester successfully gets rid of the label of the industrial city, becoming the business center of the city only second to London and the service center in northwest England.

3.2.2 Boosting emerging industries

By the time of 1990s and the 21st century, there is a consensus that Manchester needs to become a creative city. The government of Manchester has implemented a series of urban cultural revival plans and sustained cultural infrastructure constructions, promoting the rise of creative industry, media industry, sports industry, education industry, bio-medical industry and other industries through the drive for continuous culture and city marketing. Manchester has been regarded as a boost to the United Kingdom and Europe in the features of culture, creativity and tourism.

3.2.3 Real estate development orientation

A large number of lands in the center of Manchester are the core resources for development in the transformation of Manchester, which is also the foundation of real estate development. In real estate development, local authorities in Manchester make full use of the then British liberal economic policies and macroeconomic situations. Through the policy guidance of the government and public investment guide, a large-scale of investment has been attracted to invest in the private sector, so as to realize the rapidly advancing of the urban renewal.

3.3 Multi-channel policies

In the supporting mechanism, the government of Manchester has set up special companies like UDCs, RDAs and EPs. Urban Development Corporations is the typical measure in the process of transformation. The Company is independent from the government, which is responsible for urban development and specific areas. It also obtains planning permission in the inner-city of Manchester. These measures are conducive to achieving personal and stakeholder trust in order to attract capital. Similarly, in the 1990s, Urban Regeneration Agency and English Partnerships have also played the same role. (Tsenkova S., 2003)

In the policies of the space, through special policy areas like the enterprise zone, the accumulation effect of various types of development resources is formed in the perspective of imbalance of space, stirring up the urban renewal and all-round transformation of urban decayed areas. At the same time, making use of major development plans or events as spatial attraction factors, the government of Manchester continues to put forward new development resources of urban space.

In the fiscal and financial aspects, various types of urban development and construction funds, including urban development funds, urban renewal funds and the city funds, have played an active role in accelerating private enterprises to participate in urban renewal projects. Investment of these funds optimizes the proportion of private and public investment. Financial policies have played the role of key stimuli and leverage to the success of urban renewal of Manchester.

From the above analysis, the government and the policies have played a positive role in the transformation of Manchester. It not only explores new resources, but also searches for more opportunities.

4.Conclusion

Now Manchester has become a vigor city in the international community, which has set an example for other cities in the world. The local government has made correct decisions to transform the city in the periods of 1980s, 1990s and the 21st century with positive consequences. By different means and policies, Manchester is in a good order and these policies have been taken into effect in almost all areas. It is believed that Manchester will have a brighter future.

Reference

Wikipedia. (2015) Manchester, Website.

Healey P. (1992) Rebui1ding the City: Property－led Urban Regeneration,Chapman&Ha11

Council S C. (1985) Salford Quays: The Development Plan for Sa1ford Docks, Salford City Council, Sa1ford

Salford City Council. (2008) The Story of Sa1ford Quays

Manchester City Council. (2008) Local Gross Value Added.

Tsenkova S. (2003) Urban Regeneration: Learning from the British Experience. Ca1gary: Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Ca1gary

Cochrane, A. (2007) Understanding urban policy: a critical approach, Oxford: Blackwell

Edwards, C. and Imrie, R. (2015) The short guide to urban policy, Bristol: The Policy Press

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