The development process of Western landscape planning-paper代写

留学生paper代写精选范文：“The development process of Western landscape planning”，这篇论文讨论了西方景观园林发展的过程。西方景观园林最开始发展的时期是文艺复兴时期，那时候的景观园林主要追求的是在自然中体现装饰的美感。直到后来的“新艺术运动”，人们才以家庭花园设计为主。而如今的西方景观园林，追求的是生态设计。

The emergence and development of western modern landscape design have profound socio-economic reasons. Under the influence of different social backgrounds, the landscape design has been affected and changed, it involves painting, sculpture, architecture and other fields, the scope is also quite widespread. This paper mainly deals with the content of the Western landscape garden development process, from the classical to the modern transformation, in this development process, people-centered design concept, gradually joining the eco-planning method, thus formed the western modern landscape maturity of the main pattern.

The history of human creation landscape environment is very long, can be traced back to ancient Egypt. In the early 15th century, the European gardens entered a stage of unprecedented prosperity with the rise of the Renaissance movement. As a result of industrial and commercial development, giant Fu Jia is not bound by the traditional, pursuing philosophy and cultural new ideas to pursue pastoral interest. In Italy, the large-scale garden manor began to emerge, in Toscana, Florence, Rome and other land left a number of suburban gardens, the famous Lang Te Gardens, Fahrnis Gardens and so on. The main pursuit of the landscape in nature embodies the beauty of decoration.

In the 16th century half of the century, Renaissance Gardens began to pursue lively linear, dramatic and perspective effects, showing the interest of Baroque art. In the 17th century, the history of gardens appeared to create a new style of French and even European gardening, the outstanding figure-Le Notte. On the basis of absorbing the characteristics of Italian Renaissance gardens, he pursues rigorous geometric order and balanced harmony. Along the axis of the palace building community, the large flower beds, boulevards, pools, fountains, statues, trimmed into various shapes of plants to divide the sides and extend to distant forests. At the same time between natural forest and artificial gardens interspersed with some small gardens, different styles and chic, so that the garden is calm and open, and in the unity of change, one of its masterpiece is the famous Victoria Mansion.

17th century and 18th century, influenced by paintings, literature and Chinese gardens, the United Kingdom appeared to incorporate natural elements and fully comply with natural-form landscapes in the landscaped gardens of geometry. After 1800 years, the pure natural scenery Park prevailed and emerged a large number of classic works.

Since 19th century, until in the early 1920 of the 20th century, is the western modern landscape design exploration period, the capitalist big industrial revolution induces the modern landscape art and science two clues.

Art and science are always the main body of the development of Western landscape design in the 20th century, but only in different design works, the proportion of the two is different. The smaller scale landscape design focuses on the art development and innovation, while the larger scale landscape planning design focuses on the scientific analysis and practice. Therefore, in this period, the emphasis on landscape decoration, scientific and practical concept of people-centered, slowly embodied.

Along with the "Industrial art movement", its characteristics are also reflected in the landscape design. The landscape style of this period is still in the regular and natural debate. The design ideal of the founder of the American landscape design Olmstead is naturalism. At the end of 19th century, the landscape received art and architecture to develop concise direction, towards purifying style. More designers use regular gardens to coordinate the relationship between architecture and environment, and landscape design gradually shifted to the era of focusing on functions and people-oriented. 1857 Olmstead and Forks Design New York Central Park began the American city Park movement. In the 1860 of the 19th century Olmstead and John Muhe, such as the need to protect some important landscape ideas, and founded the United States the first national Park-Ios Mai Park.

Gardening Jekyll and architects Rutherns Collaborative design landscape, advocating the source of design from nature, with regular structure and natural plants for the style of Jekyll and Luterns after the promotion, become the scene design fashion and affect the future of the European continent garden design.

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the "New Art movement" in Europe was a popular art practice activity. The new art movement pursues the curve style: the basic lines are summed up in nature and it is designed to emphasize the curve decoration, especially the flower pattern, the Arabian-style group or the rhythmic, intertwined curves. The design of the Spanish genius architect Gaudi embodies the curve style fully, and he expresses his yearning for freedom with the flow of decorative lines.

The landscape design in the new art movement is dominated by family gardens, and parks such as large garden design is not much, play a positive role in promoting the new Art of the exhibition garden at the end of the exhibition after more demolition, so the complete preservation of the new art garden has been very few. But it cannot be denied that the new art movement of the landscape design, regardless of which style of the later gardens have a wide impact.

Modernism design considers that function should be the starting point of design, the concept of people-centered should be combined with design, which has a positive impact on landscape design. The modern landscape design is thus free from some kind of beautiful pattern or landscape style transcendental doctrine. It can be adapted to the present situation of the venue and the Times, giving the construction the rationality and the greater freedom of creation.

The Modernism architectural movement has had a great influence on the landscape design. Le Corbusier, one of the most important architects of the 20th century, has contributed greatly to the development of landscape design. He advocated the idea of democratic design in modern gardens, and believed that the idea of freedom and equality was embodied in the form of sunlight, air, vegetation and the construction of new steel frames and concrete.

In the in the Twenties or thirties of the 20th century, European landscape architects began to combine abstract modern art with historical rules or natural gardens, and built a modern landscape, but few were theoretically exploring ways to design gardens in a modern environment. British Donald, in 1983, completed the "modern landscape of the garden" book, filled this gap. He put forward three aspects of modern landscape design in the book, namely function, empathy and art. Donald argues that the three main aspects are function and function is the most basic consideration of modernism landscape design. Functional doctrine can satisfy people's rational needs, such as rest and recreation, and also make the landscape design from the emotion and romanticism, to achieve the basic needs of people-oriented.

Since the beginning of the 70, eco-environmental issues have been increasingly concerned, the University of Pennsylvania landscape architecture Professor Macharg proposed the landscape as a geological, topographic, hydrological, land use, a holistic view of the interconnected elements of the determinants of plants, wildlife and climate, emphasizing that landscape planning should conform to the inherent value and natural processes of nature, improve the eco-planning method with factor stratification and map overlay technology as the core and call it the "1000-layer Cake model". The theory and method endowed the landscape architecture with a certain degree of scientific nature, so that the landscape planning became the science which can withstand various objective analysis and induction. The research category of Macharg focuses on large scale landscape and environmental planning, but for any scale landscape architectural practice, all means an important message, that is, the landscape is an aesthetic system outside, or an ecosystem, and those who are just art to decorate plants and terrain design methods, more detailed design ideas should reflect environmental ethics.

Although the concept of natural determinism is only a hypothesis in the practice of diversified landscape architecture, the emergence of Macharg and Penn schools shows important meanings when the environment is in a fragile state of critical state. The theory promotes the freshmen of the occupational work criterion as the foundation of the ideology of landscape architecture, and its vast information lays an indelible imprint on the latent structure of the landscape designers ' thinking. For modernism landscape designers, the concept of environmental ethics tells them that, in addition to people's social ties, everyone is born with the Earth's ecosystem tightly connected. They follow the law of life, reflecting the culture of biology, adapting to the basic natural conditions, rationally utilizing the soil, vegetation and other natural resources, relying on renewable energy, using the sun, natural ventilation and precipitation; Select local materials, pay special attention to the use of native plants; focus on ecosystem protection, biodiversity conservation and establishment; play the natural role of its own, establish and develop a virtuous circle ecosystem, reflecting natural elements and natural processes, reducing human traces. These manifestations are multiple, but specific to each design may only embody one or more aspects. Often, as long as a design is more or less applied to these principles, it is possible to be called "eco-design".

Chramer is a well-known landscape architect in Switzerland and Europe. In 1959, at the Swiss Gardens show, Chramer designed a garden of the poet's gardens, the grassland pyramid and the cone with rhythmic distribution around the calm pools. The author's intention is to apply the poetic modern geometry to the gardens, and the result is that the three abstract geometry forms a distinctive space feeling. When passing through the poet's garden, it feels like a sculpture of the earth rather than a garden.

Nowadays, more and more environmental designers are inspired and influenced by the Earth art, and many works show obvious inclination to the Earth art in the landscape design industry. Owen Hargreaves, a director of the landscape design department at Harvard University, is one of them, and its design is often based on the analysis of eco-process, using the means of Earth art to form the integration of ecology and art. His thoughts and practices have an important influence in the United States and the world, and are recognized as one of the leaders of contemporary landscape design.

The Earth art makes the idea and means of landscape design richer. The Earth art is not the new formula of the landscape, it is not the importance of the landscape designers to provide an answer, but the landscape of rethinking. Many landscape designers have borrowed from the art of the Earth, their design or very clever use of a variety of materials, with the natural changes to blend together to create a wealth of landscape space; the pursuit of simple and clear structure, simple and touching landscapes; there are also some works that exhibit non-permanence and variability, and so on. In short, people in such a landscape space has a non-past experience.

The earliest use of the word "post-modern" is the British painter John Watkins Champman, he used the word "post-modern painting" in 1870 to evaluate the more Avantgarde painting method than the French Impressionist, which decides that the word "postmodern" shows the meaning of transcendence and negation at the beginning of its use. Using "post-modern" to describe the new form of architecture appeared in 20th century 40, 50, to 20th century 70, 80, the western architectural circles on the heyday of modern architectural style of purity and formalism showed a strong aversion.

When the large scale landscape planning turns to the ideal ecological method, the small-scale landscape design is influenced by the environment art since in the 1960 of the 20th century and the inspiration of postmodernism, and has done a lot of new explorations on the relation between art and landscape. The new generation of landscape architects Walker combines minimalism, classicism and modernism, creating a unique minimalist landscape. In its mysterious landscape design works, Walker uses simple forms and repetitive, geometric structures, which bring a new visual integrated experience in the structure. Nature Riddle General characteristics, the relationship between man and nature is a mysterious atmosphere of the art of metaphor out, landscape architecture on the basis of functional and aesthetic is endowed with a meaningful artistic temperament.

The concept of modern landscape has been extremely broad, from traditional gardens, courtyards, parks, to city squares, streets, street greening, universities and corporate parks, to national parks, nature reserves, and even the entire Earth, are the work of landscape planners. Today's landscape design presents a diversified trend, but humanist humanism and the ecology of protecting the Earth environment is still the main design element, on this basis, the landscape design develops unceasingly, makes it better for the human class, for the society, for the Ecology Environment Service.

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