移民行为对阿尔巴尼亚社会经济的影响研究--美国Paper代写范文

美国Paper代写范文:“移民行为对阿尔巴尼亚社会经济的影响研究”，这篇论文主要描述的是一个位于欧洲东部被称为山鹰之国的国家阿尔巴尼亚，阿尔巴尼亚的领土面积虽然小，但是有着近350万的年轻人口，也是欧洲人口最年轻的国家，随着欧洲移民人口的增加，对于阿尔巴尼亚的发展也带了一定推动作用，不管是对于阿尔巴尼亚经济还是社会发展来说积极的因素是大于消极的方面。

Albanian society during the years has incurred different and important social and economic transformations. Albania a small country with a surface of 28.748 km2 and with a population nearly 3.5 million people has a population quite young and it is one of the countries with the youngest population in Europe. The average age of Albanian population is 33 years old. One of the major phenomenon which have associated Albania during the years is Migration. Migration has been a very important part of transition process in Europe and in the whole world. It continues to be significant for places that are in transition. This is the reason why we chose this theme. We chose (1992-2001), because this was the period when Albanians have migrated more.

“Migration is the phenomenon that is at the heart of economic, social and cultural change in Albania over the past 15 years” [1] . It is the movement of people from one place to another for different reasons. There are two types of migration: External and Internal. External migration is the movement of people from one country to another. Until 1990 external migration wasn’t allowed by the government. Internal migration is the movement of people within the same country, which was one of the most dramatic features of the Albanian transition. The purpose of this paper is to see the effects of migration on economy and how migration has influenced on Albania society. The biggest part of these migrations, both external and internal has affected the viability of many rural communities in the north and the south of the country.

In this paper we will focus on social and economic aspects of migration after 1992. We will treat migration’s causes to understand the reasons why people migrate and the main movements inside thecountry, we will see the most important effects of migration on economy, that are remittances and the effect of the migration on the society. Main impacts of migration are: remittances, return migration and demographic effects, but we will treat only remittances which have an important role in the development of Albanian economy. We will see this effect during (1992-2001), because INSTAT makes these registrations once in 10 years.

2. Migration’s causes

Nobody leaves his/her place because he/she wants. Even “volunteer” migrations where it is expected an improvement of social and economic conditions have a “prehistory”, a reason that can be a migration cause.

Causes that make people migrate are economic and non-economic. We can mention as economic factors the employment opportunities and as non-economic the security and political persecution. They are also divided in push and pull factors. Push factors are negative because they make a person leave his/her region or country while pull factors are positive because they make a person move to a certain region or country. In Albania push factors are: lack of employment opportunities, poverty, natural disasters, climate conditions, political persecution and education. Pull factors are: employment opportunities, safety and security.

Dates show that 2/3 of Albanians want to migrate for economic reasons, such as: to improve the living standard (36.7%), to find a job (19.7%) and because the job they have it’s not satisfactory (9.3%). These were three main reasons to migrate.

The desire for a better life makes people migrate. In the internal migration mostly, people move from village to the city, which has a better standard of living and variety on opportunities of employment. In the village the only opportunity to deal with, is agriculture. A main reason why internal migration exists is that except the job opportunities there are: climate conditions, lack of security and the big distance between villages and hospitals, universities etc. Traumatic experiences such as wars are also very important reasons that make people migrate.

Countries where Albania has more emigrants are Greece and Italy. After 1990 Albanians has emigrated more in this two countries because they are near our country and offer better conditions. The wages are higher and the living standard is better.

3. Main movement

During these years Albanians have moved inside their place and abroad for different reasons that we mentioned above. Internal migration involves these main movements: Inter-regional: These movements include people’s movement in different region inside the country. These are mostly in this direction: from the north and north-east such as Tropoje, Puke, Kukes, Diber, Mirdite etc. to the central part of Albania such as Tirana and Durres, which nowdays are overpopulated.

Intra-regional: On this kind of movement we can mention rural-urban migration. “The city of Shkoder has become a major destination for in-migration from the rural hinterland in the north of the country” [2] . “For instance more than half of in-migrants in the city of Shkoder originate from the district of Malesia e Madhe” [3] . “The same exists for Gjirokastra, where the majority of the city’s population increase is due to in-migration from the district’s (especially mountains) rural areas and from adjoining districts such as Tepelene and Permet” [4] .

Inter-prefecture: The prefecture of Tirana has been for a long time the destination of nearly the half of internal migrants. After Tirana there is Durres with 20% of all internal migrants. Of particular interest in this category of movements is the urban-bound share, which accounts for almost 60% of total inter-prefecture migrants [5] .

Inter-district: These are movements from one district to another. They can be inter-regional or moves in the same region. Even within districts that are considered as sources of out-migration, there are small pockets of in-migration, usually around the municipality of the district. “We can mention the case of Saranda as a major sending district, versus Saranda municipality, a clear in-migration zone within the district itself” [6] .

Rural-urban: This is the movement of the people from villages to the cities. The most serious population loss is observed in the rural North, as well as in the rural South, particularly villages high up in the mountains. “The country’s urban population increased from 35% to 42% of the total between 1989 and 2001” [7] . The biggest increase of 45 percent was recorded for the urban population of Durr?s-Tirana-Elbasan.

Urban-urban: This is another movement of Albanians. “For instance in 2001, two-thirds of in-migrants in the city of Tirana came from other urban centers” [8] . These inter-urban flows are directed particularly from the smaller urban industrial centers created during the communist era, towards the larger and more important cities along the coast.

Rural-rural: This movement wasn’t so development in Albania, but we couldn’t negligible. INSTAT [9] claims that 40% of internal migrants is made in this way

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