Social construction of organisation and society--论文代写范文精选

普遍反映社区所有成员的特定情况，不讨论个人的认知方面,如今社会认知已成为占主导地位的社会心理学视角，社会认知研究人与人之间的交互,以及如何理解他人。这篇paper代写范文进一步论述。

Introduction
  In the previous section, we have stated that the social act is a mutual effort for coordinating activities. Such a social act or a set of interdependent social acts, observed as a coordinated activity, constitutes as a community, or according to Mead (1934): [A community]. . . is dependent upon individuals taking the attitude of the other individuals. The development of this process. . . is dependent upon getting the attitude of the group as distinct from that of a separate individual-getting what I have termed a generalized other. (p. 256) Hence, the moment we detect a `generalized other', we discover a community that conforms to certain ways of conduct or habits of action that exist in that community. 

  A community can be an informal community or a formally acknowledged community, which we can refer to as an organisation. Such a community or organisation delivers a common response, from society to individuals of that society, or as Mead (1934) states: There are, then, whole series of such common responses in the community in which we live, and such responses are what we term `institutions'. The institution[5 ] represents a common response on the part of all members of the community to a particular situation. (p. 261) Mead does not discuss the cognitive aspects of individuals, and we are aware that today social cognition has become the dominant perspective in social psychology (Schneider, 1991) (Tenbrunsel, Galvin, Neale, & Bazerman, 1996, p. 5

  Social cognition studies interactions between people, and how people make sense of others, but in social cognition, in contrast to social constructivism, the emphasis is on how cognitive processes inuence social behaviour (Fiske & Taylor, 1991). In this dissertation, see chapter 4, we apply this cognitive approach in studying social interaction between individuals, i.e. we adopt theories of cognitiona cognitive architectureto model and study how cognitive plausible actors inuence the behaviour of others. 

  Taking into account cognition, we can state that the organisation exists as a formally acknowledged entity that is maintained by interaction between individualsits members. But does this statement claim that an organisation is a tangible (intrinsic of nature) object or/and that an organisation is an intangible (observer-relative) object, i.e. does an organisation'really' exist? Recall that for an object to be ontological objective it should still be existent in the absence of minds and to be ontological subjective it should depend on minds, and to be epistemological objective, the judgement about facts should be independent from attitudes or feelings about these facts. We give the following example of the ve dollar bill to show how an organisation should be thought of as an object. 

  In this example, when we substitute money with organisation, it becomes clear that an organisation is epistemologically objective and ontologically subjective, except that I do not have the organisation in my pocket, or do I? An organisation is an entity to which people collectively have assigned a function to, i.e. the tax ofce its function is to collect money from people for the public good, and the coal mine has the function to deliver coal to industry and households as a source of energy. An organisation exists merely because we collectively agree it to be an organisation, i.e. the organisation does not exist in the absence of such an agreement (Meckler & Baillie, 2003). 

  Therefore, it is in this sense that the organisation is socially constructed and ontologically subjective. In this dissertation, we adopt this constructivist point of view in which the organisation exists as a social construction created, observed and acknowledged by individuals. The reason is that coordinated activities such as organisations in MAS are explained by the assumption that organisations exist based on social interaction between autonomous agents. Further, we assume that an organisation can be traced back to representations (in the mind of actors) that structure the interaction among people, thereby demarcating the group of people that are members of the organisation (Van Heusden & Jorna, 2001).

  In the research conducted by us, we state that the organisation exists out of several actors, producing and perceiving symbols and/or signs to interact with each other. The organisation is a constructed reality as long as the interacting actors and their teamwork exist (Gazendam & Jorna, 1998), i.e. organisations exist as long as there are representations in the mind of the onesinsiders or outsiderswho perceive(d)6 the organisation. Social constructivism creates the awareness that organisations exist out of individuals who together construct that same organisation by symbolic interaction. Social constructivism, concerned with symbolic interaction and meaning, is closely linked with semiotics. The discipline of semiotics concerns signs7 , and describes how the meaning of signs depends onand is transferred duringthe social interaction between individuals. 

  Social Environment and Semiotics What brings together social constructivism and semiotics is the meaning of an `object'. While social constructivism is focused on the (social and cultural) construction of the meaning of the object for the individual, semiotics is concerned with the creation, use and transfer or communication of the meaning with the help of signs, i.e. semiotics studies all cultural processes as processes of communication and signication (Eco, 1976). Semiotics is concerned with the construction of signs in the environment, a signication process through which certain systems of signs are established by virtue of social and cultural conventions or constructs. Conventions or constructs such as books, laws and contracts can act as a memory aid for enhancing (situated) cognition of individual and organisation. The transfer and the construction of meaningin which the individual is a sign producer as well as an interpreterare inuenced by the environment of the individual that puts constraints on the processing of available signs. Besides that, the individual is limited in the range of signs it can perceive, determined by the biological make-up of the individual itself. 

  The process of semiosis9 and the unique ability of humans to consciously manipulate signs create the possibility for humans to construct worlds apart from nature and direct experience (Cunningham, 1998). The importance of signs in creating the Lebensweltthe human Umweltlies in their creative power for innite representation and meaning-making, or unlimited semiosis (Eco, 1990); a recursive process in which a sign refers to another sign and so on (Deely, 1990). Culture and society are therefore a collective construction, time after time reconstructed by the individual in interaction with others. The interaction with others is achieved by the production of signs, e.g. using sounds as a carrier, and is based on a process of communication. In the following section we discuss this interaction with help of processes of communication and semiotics. (paper代写)

  51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。
  更多paper代写范文欢迎访问我们主页 www.51due.com 当然有paper代写需求可以和我们24小时在线客服QQ:800020041 联系交流。-X(paper代写)

标签：paper代写  留学生作业代写  assignment代写