Nature and Pervasiveness of Information Technology--论文代写范文精选

信息技术也扮演一个关键的角色，在科学和生物领域的知识。事实上,信息技术在科学世界的影响是革命性的。信息技术已经协助探索人类的起源,探索和理解周围的星系和延长寿命等。下面的paper代写范文进行探讨。

Abstract 
Information Technology has become ubiquitous. It has spread to almost all aspects of society and has taken many differing forms. Information enabled by Information Technologies has risen to a place of prominence, becoming the central driver of modern society. Powerful communication channels, enabled by the mechanisms of Information Technology, have made real-time communication and the transportation of massive amounts of data possible. These revolutionary influences of Information Technology on society are reflected in the changed face of today’s organizations. Business processes are being optimized and automated, the nature of the organizational work force has been changed and organizations are increasingly implementing innovations in the pursuit of cost reduction and competitive advantage.

Information Technology also plays a pivotal role in the scientific and biological realms of knowledge. In fact, the impact of Information Technology on the scientific world has been revolutionary. Information Technology has assisted in the quest to discover the origin of the human race, to explore and understand the surrounding galaxy and to extend life spans or to save lives. Advanced mathematical systems have allowed for the calculation of complex equations that would previously have taken decades to perform (thus rendering them impossible). 

They have also allowed for the creation of models from data captured from thousands of different input-output points predicting and understanding topics ranging from the creation of the universe to the understanding of DNA and the deconstruction, analysis and understanding of the human genome. It is the authors’ opinion that many of the scientific accomplishments of the last 50 years would not have been achieved without the aid of complex Information Technology systems. However, Information Technology itself has also benefited from this relationship with the sciences. Rosenberg (2004: 11) says that the complex computing needs of the scientific community have been the incentive for creating computers with more data storage capabilities and faster processing power, which has driven the research into more powerful computers.

Avgerou (1998: 17) states that a technology is considered to be pervasive if it fulfills the following criteria: 
• Generates a wide range of new products and services. 
• Reduces the costs and improves the performance of the processes, services and products of many sectors of the economy. 
• Gains widespread social acceptance. 
• Generates strong industrial interest as a means for profitability and competitive advantage.

On the basis of this analysis, Avgerou (1998: 17) states that, ‘IT is singled out as being the most pervasive technical innovation of the post World War II era’. It is the authors’ opinion that the pervasiveness of Information Technology in society will continue increasing, even past a state of complete saturation. This is due to the fact that the integration process will become more and more seamless as society increasingly adopts Information Technology solutions making further adoptions less disruptive and alarming (Masutti, 2001).

The ethical nature of Information Technology When one considers the ethical nature of technology and thus Information Technology, one is presented with two contradictory points of view. The first is that technology is just a tool to be used and the other is that technology has social consequences and effects and is thus not neutral. If one considers technology as a tool, it is ethically neutral. Phahlamohlaka & Kroeze (2005: 426) state that this view regards technology merely as an instrument that is contextually dependant on its construction and usage. This is not to say that technology cannot be used for harmful or unethical purposes, but rather that it is the effects and the usages of the technology that are subject to ethics and not the technology itself. 

By the very nature of this study it is evident that the authors’ views are that Information Technology is not neutral. By examining the effects of Information Technology one is acknowledging its inherent capacity to alter society, not only in its usages but also in the process of its use. Capurro (2003) states that today’s society is labouring under the grave misapprehension that technologies are completely free of biases, whether social, political or economic. Condella (2001) supports this by stating ‘the essence of technology is nothing technological… Heidegger rejects what he calls the instrumental or anthropological definition of technology, which reduces technology as a whole to a particular instantiation’. Information Technology is the conversion of social knowledge and practices into digital form (Eischen, 2000). 

As technology is created by an individual, packaged within the technological mechanisms are the context of their creator’s subjective experience (the principles of deconstruction) and the intended and unintended influences and consequences of its designed outputs. Thus every technology alters its user’s life-world because it provides its user with a particular world-view and specific ways of interacting with others. Phahlamohlaka & Kroeze (2005:428) state that if the reality whereby an individual experiences the world changes, the individual’s ‘essence of being’ is also changed. 

Heidegger calls this effect Enframing. Enframing is defined by Xuanmeng (n.d.) as ‘the mode of revealing which challenges, orders and determines the standing in reserve’. Stated more simply, enframing is the means by which something is understood. It assists in the establishment of personal belief systems, what one perceives to be real, how one interprets this perceived reality and how one interprets one’s experiences in this reality. It essentially establishes the frameworks and boundaries of an individual’s life-world. Taking technology as an enabler of enframing, it must be concluded that technology by its very usage and not only its end purpose, shapes the individual and society. The authors thus believe that the view of technology as just a tool is potentially dangerous as it can blind society to the influences and impacts that technology has on their lifeworlds which can result in unrestrained or even unnoticed technological determinism.(paper代写)

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