THE MENTAL DATABASE--论文代写范文精选

这种方法给出原因有很多，神经活动在一个区域的功能，可以认为是惊奇的。这个概念的思想是扩大物理环境要求进化的连续性,模块化。这个概念用于提供进一步洞察心灵/大脑。下面的report代写范文进行论述。

Abstract
This article uses database and bio-physics considerations to suggest how the mind stores and processes its data. Its principal innovations lie in:
The comparison between the capabilities of the mind to those of a modern relational database while conserving phenomenality. The strong structural similarity of the two systems leads to the conclusion that the mind may be profitably described as being a mental database. The need for bidirectional material-to-mental bridging and addressing indexes is discussed. 

The consideration of what neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) between sensorimotor data and instrumented observation one can hope to obtain using current physics. What emerges is that the various brain scanning methods reflect only the current activity transactions which update and interrogate the mind, but not the contents of the integrated mental database which constitutes the mind itself. This approach gives reasons why there is much neural activity in an area to which a function is ascribed (e.g. the anterior cingulate cortex is associated with pain), yet there is no visible activity that can be definitely identified as phenomenal. The conclusion arrived at is that no clear NCC at the molecular level can be identified using current physics. Figure 2 gives an overall view of the reasoning. This concept of the mind is then situated in a Penrosian expanded physical environment requiring evolutionary continuity, modularity and phenomenality. The concept is then used to give further insights into the mind/brain, particularly its Darwinian advantages.

Types of Data and Databases 
Two types of brain data are identified:- The first is used to convey normal neurochemical data between the mind and the body. An example is the movement of pain data from the epidermis to the brain. This is well understood through the actions of calcium ions, readiness potentials and so on. This type corresponds to the computer’s raw input data. It also corresponds to the brain’s output data conveying instructions to the body, among other categories. The second type is the structured mental data (both access and phenomenal, in Ned Block’s well-known terms 1 ), used by the mind in general and consciousness in particular. At this point the apparent consequence of Chalmer’s2 Hard Problem may be taken to mean that there is no visible form of mental data in the material world as it is currently defined by Science. This article attempts to show that this is in fact the case at this time, implying that the second type of data exists in a separate mental domain. 

It is maintained that, except for phenomenality, almost all of the mental domain’s characteristics can already be identified by comparing them to those of a computer’s database, which is conceived as a knowledge engine for use by the human mind. Hopefully, the mental domain will prove more accessible some time in the future using the methodology of Science. The following operations are effected in transforming the data from type 1 to type 2:- - The creation of connecting pointer indexes, relating the different data elements, whether it is in a brain or in a computer. Data is fundamentally useless without some form of interconnecting indexes. Obviously the axons and dendrites are materially necessary in this context. - The bridging between the type 1 material form and the type 2 mental form. All the data of the second type is in the mental form in which almost all memories and procedures are stored, accessed, executed and coordinated. The method by which this type of data yields consciousness is unknown. This constitutes the “Hard Problem”. 

The data’s indexes must be highly structured in order to answer queries since this requires the interrelating of many different data elements from many lists. In other words, the mind’s data is held in a database form. Neurons are interconnected by dendrites, axons, neurotransmitters and so on, but the simple existence of point-to-point connections wouldn’t furnish the brain with the necessary complex index structures corresponding to those in a computer’s database, for which counterparts must exist in the brain. Thus, as in the IT world, one of the first things to happen to the incoming sensory data is its translation into an appropriate mental form, constructing pointers to relate the new data to existing data and supplying phenomenal capability where needed.

Malleability and Modularity 
The fact that we intellectually relate so easily to the structure of the relational data base suggests that this is an important part of the way our minds work. The mental appears to be more malleable than computation in the hands of Nature. An important barrier to a computational brain is that step-by-step neuronal evolution is ill-equipped to produce so efficiently structured an engine as the mind/brain. Experience with artificial neural networks shows that after an initial spurt, they have difficulty in generating radically new structures. To possess a tree structure, computers have to have a database embedded by the persons building it. 

A database is fundamental for the human way of thinking. Despite the promise foreseen for them thirty years ago, AI systems are still limited largely to university labs and the tuning of the data of pre-existing systems. I don’t personally know of one which spontaneously constructed an equivalent to the homeotic gene, for example (though I admit to having little knowledge of this area). Even for simply analyzing data on a computer, tree systems produced by humans are superior to evolved neural nets37, let alone for generating viable organisms. The reason we built databases is that we find it easy to think in its terms, such as entities, relations, etc. The very fact that neural nets don’t seem to be capable of autonomously generating tree structures (let alone a structured database) argues that there is something important lacking in the computationally evolving approach, even in its own non-phenomenal terms. We couldn’t think at all clearly if we lacked hierarchy and relational capabilities. 

Nature favored the establishment of a base system of laws and substances which made structured Darwinian evolution possible. One may imagine that an expanded physics contains new laws and substances for each sense, thus providing evolution with a modular capability right from the start. Below I suggest certain advantages derived from the modularisation and variety perhaps available from Nature:- In considering this matter we can use the analogy and terminology of IT. “Spaghetti Coding” is the undesirable complex program branching which occurs when “if … then …” and “go to …” branching statements proliferate and the system ends up by becoming incomprehensible even to the programmer who wrote it. This is the result if the system isn’t subdivided into functional modules. 

If the whole mind system consisted of one module, then the mind’s equivalent of spaghetti coding would be generated, whereby any single mutation having a beneficial effect would frequently spark multiple harmful changes throughout the whole system. The ideal is to have many modules with separate functions and few interactions between the modules. This is favored by having the mind modularized through latching on to pre-existing separate and sub-divided mental and material domains. These modules are then further subdivided into different mental modules, databases, emotions and sub-domain senses derived from the structure of the universe, not from some single- domain material coding. 

For example, the body possesses several different endocrine sub-systems. One can see an exceptional occurrence of the spaghetti problem in the material body when a gene useful in fighting malaria gives rise to sickle cell anemia, presumably in response to the rapid outbreak of the first-mentioned illness. Although one can see that the gene structure of DNA is effectively modularized within the limits possible, the modular type of mind would be very difficult to develop harmoniously using only the material domain available to material evolution. As mentioned above, the problem is even more severe in computerized neural nets, where only one type of module medium (the material) exists, as in the single material domain approach proposed by Stephen Pinker38 .

Fanciful Implication of the MDNI Hypotheses 
If one deletes an entire Word document from the Recycle Bin of one’s PC, the data disappears. However, materially it still exists on the hard disk. What has been deleted is only the layer of indexes giving access to the data and which can be recreated by a specialist (as several financial criminals have found to their cost). Perhaps re-creation of the mind’s indexes, which are deducible from the data itself, recover the data for perusal in another universe. Or perhaps the indexes are maintained in parallel with our real-time. Perhaps when material neurons die the data remains in a permanent mental domain. I don’t for a moment believe any of the above to be true. However they do illustrate the creative possibilities of a database approach. 

In any case, as so many great minds have remarked so often, the universe is so weird a place that a concept can’t be eliminated solely because it appears bizarre to us – many of the concepts now accepted by all respected mainstream physicists in the quantum physics context are no less strange and were initially refused on the grounds of their queerness. The “Many Worlds Hypothesis”, which is now accepted by some mainstream physicists as being a possible means of elimination of the arbitrary collapse of the wave function and also the elimination of the need for a possibly conscious observer. However, this theory does possess what some find to be a disadvantage in that it creates a near infinity of universes every microsecond, each of which produce a near infinity of universes every microsecond 42 and so on.(论文代写)

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