Reports of Child Abuse in India--论文代写范文精选

最大的病例报道在西印度特别是在果阿,南部地区紧随其后。大多数报道都支持采取法律行动。不过需要更多的研究来了解问题的程度在不同的地方,虐待方式,受害者的生活质量,父母/社区教育指标的滥用。

Abstract

Background: Child abuse is a state of emotional, physical, economic and sexual maltreatment meted out to a person below the age of eighteen and is a globally prevalent phenomenon. A total of 33,098 cases of crimes against children were reported in India during 2011 as compared to 26,694 cases during 2010, suggesting a recent increase of 24 percent. Objectives: To explore the contents of the published articles/reports on child abuse in India from scientific journals and newspapers identifying areas and gaps for further research and program development.

Material and Methods

Published articles in scientific journals during the years 2007-2012 with free access and online versions of English newspapers (2007-2012) in India were searched using the search engines such as ‘PubMed’ and ‘Google’. The key words used were ‘child abuse in (on, about) India. First two researchers independently reviewed the content of articles/newspaper reports and decided the categories emerging from the articles and reports. Later on, the quantification of these categories was done by identifying the number of times it was reported in the reports. Results: The nature and extent of reporting child abuse in scientific journal is different from that of newspapers. In Journals, our search provided us with 9 articles, of which prevalence studies were predominant (4) followed by case reports (3) and Knowledge, Attitude, Practice studies (2). The studies were mostly conducted in the hospital setting. We obtained 38 reports from newspapers. Child abuse was found more among girls.

Among type of abuse, sexual abuse was more common (84.2%). About 52.6% of the abusers were members known to the victim. The maximum cases were reported from West India especially in Goa, followed by South region. Most reports reported legal action on accused. Little was reported on what happened to a victim, indicators of abuse and settings of the abuse. The motives and consequences of the abuses were not mentioned explicitly. Conclusions: The articles were more focused on prevalence of child abuse in hospital settings. As per newspaper reports, female child abuse (sexual abuse) by a known person to family was reported more. It was found more in West part of India. Recommendations: More research/reporting is required to study the extent of problem in different settings of India, settings of abuse, quality of life of victims, parental/community education on indicators of abuse and development of support program to victim.

Introduction

Children are often targets to abuse due to their vulnerability and fear to disclose the nature of abuse out of fear and absence of knowledge regarding abuse. Child abuse is a globally prevalent phenomenon. Child abuse has always been a topic often never discussed among the population; especially in the Asian region.[1] Child abuse and crimes against children has had a steady rise through the years, In India 33,098 cases of crimes against children were reported during 2011 as compared to 26,694 cases during 2010, suggesting a recent increase of 24.0 percent. Reports show that 53.22% of the abused children reported having faced one or more forms of sexual abuse.[1] Newspapers and scientific journals cater to the needs of two different kinds of population while the former is read by the general public; the latter is mostly restricted to researchers and personnel associated with the field in concern. The present study was carried out in order to find the form of reporting of child abuse in the two different mediums of information, to determine the areas of focus when reporting such incidents. Hence the study was carried out with the following objectives. Objectives: To explore the contents of the published articles\ reports on child abuse in India from scientific journals and newspapers identifying areas and gaps for further research and program development. Materials and Methods: Setting: The present review was carried out in the Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry. Study Design: Decriptive Content Analysis.

Data Collection

Published articles in scientific journals during the years 2007-2012 with free access were searched using the search engines such as ‘PubMed’ and ‘Google’. Full text articles in the Indian context were alone taken up for analysis. The key words used were ‘child abuse in (on, about) India. Online versions of English newspapers (2007-2012) in India were accessed to find the articles on child abuse. Search engines of the corresponding newspapers and ‘Google’ were used for the search. The key words used were ‘child abuse in (on, about) India. Due to the variety of regional languages in India, articles related to child abuse from local and regional newspapers were not taken up for the analysis.

In case of follow-up articles about a particular incident of abuse, the first reported incident was taken up. In cases of cross reporting i.e., reporting of the same incident by more than one newspaper the earliest published article was taken, when the date of publication of both the articles was similar, the first accessed article was considered for analysis. Articles related to child abuse like awareness, legislation, survey results were excluded. The key words used were ‘child abuse in (on, about) India. Definitions: Standard definitions for child abuse as given by World Health Organisation was used to define child abuse in the present study.[2] Physical Abuse: Physical abuse is the inflicting of physical injury upon a child.

This may include burning, hitting, punching, shaking, kicking, beating or otherwise harming a child. The parent or caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child. It may, however, be the result of over-discipline or physical punishment that is inappropriate to the child's age. Sexual Abuse: Sexual abuse is inappropriate sexual behavior with a child. It includes fondling a child's genitals, making the child fondle the adult's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism and sexual exploitation.

To be considered ‘child abuse’, these acts have to be committed by a person responsible for the care of a child (for example a baby-sitter, a parent, or a daycare provider), or related to the child. If a stranger commits these acts, it would be considered sexual assault and handled solely by the police and criminal courts. Emotional Abuse: Emotional abuse is also known as verbal abuse, mental abuse, and psychological maltreatment. It includes acts or the failures to act by parents or caretakers that have caused or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental trauma. This can include parents/caretakers using extreme and/or bizarre forms of punishment, such as confinement in a closet or dark room or being tied to a chair for long periods of time or threatening or terrorizing a child.

Less severe acts, but no less damaging, are belittling or rejecting treatment, using derogatory terms to describe the child, habitual tendency to blame the child or make him/her a scapegoat. Analysis: Manual content analysis was done by the first and second authors (trained in qualitative research methods), the results were then reviewed by the third author (facilitator for qualitative research methods).mixed coding (inductive and deductive coding) of the manuscripts was done, themes and categories were assigned.

First two researchers independently reviewed the content of articles\newspaper reports and decided the categories emerging from the articles and reports. Later on, the quantification of these categories was done by identifying the number of times it was reported in the reports. Results: In journals, our search provided us with 9 articles. The main categories derived from the analysis were Study Exclusivity, Study design, Study Setting, Study Type, Methods, Sampling, (Study participants) and Speciality undertaking study.

Among the articles from the scientific journals prevalence studies were predominant (4) followed by case reports (3) and Knowledge Attitude Practice studies (2). Five (5) articles were exclusively on child abuse, of which, three (3) were case reports and two (2) were Knowledge Attitude Practice studies. The studies were mostly conducted in the hospital setting (7). The study participants were mostly children, as case reports formed the major portion of the literature. The knowledge attitude practice studies had the mothers (in general not of abused children in specific) and medical personnel. The Pediatrics speciality had 5 articles on child abuse, followed by Dentistry (2) and Dermatology and nursing with one each.(论文代写)

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