New critical theory

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- New critical theory，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了新批判理论。新批判理论是一种正在运行的思想理论现象，并且随着西方社会政治、经济、技术和文化的发展，不断产生新的批判理论形态和批判论域。尽管批判理论在对社会的实际影响和作用方面不一样，有的甚至没有影响，或者存在着理论上的误读，但理论方面的分析批判和思考在一定程度上可以加深人们对社会现实理解的深度和广度，这对世界上遇到相似问题的其他民族和国家也有一定的批判借鉴作用。

"New critical theory" is a cluster of theories with critical tendency in various social trends of thought. Its emergence is not only the logical continuation of social critical theory itself, but also the result of the political, economic, cultural and technological development of western society in the 1990s. "New critical theory" is devoted to the in-depth critical analysis of various phenomena in contemporary capitalist society, striving to explore a more reasonable, free and just society. It inherits the basic essence of traditional critical theory and expands the critical vision with the new disease of contemporary society. One of the methodological features of the new critical theory is the concrete application of social constructivism in social criticism.

Since the Frankfurt school initiated the "social critical theory" in the 1930s, critical theory has gone through a process of "prosperity and decline". Until the 1970s and 1980s, the voice of "critical theory is dead" has been heard constantly. Especially after the early 1990s, due to the disintegration of the Soviet union, the great changes in eastern Europe and other factors, the suspicion of social critical theory is increasingly intensified. So does critical theory have vitality and value? What is critical theory? These become one of the main questions that theoretical circle thinks, contemporary western "new critical theory" is just such a kind of theoretical exploration.

At present, there is no consistent definition of "new critical theory" in the international academic circle. American scholar mark foster pointed out in critical theory and new critical theory -- cultural marxism from Frankfurt school that "new critical theory is the third generation of critical social theory, which is similar to postmodern critical theory, lacleau and murphy's post-marxism. Like the first and second generations of Frankfurt school theories before them, the new critical theories begin with Marx's themes and add other structures. Thus, forster defined "new critical theory" from the perspective of the historical evolution of "social critical theory". He divided the social critical theory from Frankfurt school into three generations, and "new critical theory" was the third generation. Habermas' social critical theory belongs to the second generation, the previous social critical theory belongs to the first generation, and the third generation after that, namely the "new critical theory". In addition, when he divided the development stage of social critical theory from the dimension of time and representative figures, he also considered the "new" cultural perspective and factors in the "new critical theory" and the role of its "turn" in constructing the "new" critical theory.

William s. wilkerson and Jeffrey Paris in the editor of the new critical theory: essays on liberation of introduction "new critical theory what is" the article pointed out that: because of the progress and left-wing theory is in a state of confusion and division, so need to criticize the social theorists of today is to stand out of a variety of sound into a consistent liberation movement. As a result, "it brings together various schools of contemporary theory, combining the latest insights of postmodernism, feminism, race and queer theory with the earlier ideas of the first and second generation Frankfurt school of social critical theory influenced by marxism. We call this new social theory the new critical theory.

It is said that Martin baker matustic was the first to clearly define the concept of "new critical theory". Chapter 9 of his 2001 book jurgen habermas: the philosophic - political dimension is entitled a new critical theory at a crossroads. "The term new critical theory, when capitalized, refers to a series of books published by Rowman & Littlefield. As a general concept, it has the same denotation as various new social movements, covering a range of authors, themes, and practices of new critical theorists and activists. This general concept relates to the extent to which new trends in existing social movements and social critical theory are exhibited and helps to unify the two. This kind of research not only begins with this kind of thinking, but also ends with it."

Therefore, "new critical theory" has two meanings: narrow and broad. In a narrow sense, it is the "new critical theory" study series and related theories that matustic said. 1. The "new critical theory" in this paper is broadly defined, referring to the social critical thoughts shown in various social movements and thoughts in the west at the end of the 20th century, as well as the "new" trends and thoughts in the development of "social critical theory". From the perspective of connotation, we define the western "new critical theory" as the "new" social critical theory after the social critical theory represented by the first and second generation Frankfurt school, which is a theoretical cluster or cluster of stars with social critical characteristics highlighted in various social movements and thoughts in the contemporary west. The "new critical theory" is the contemporary "social critical theory". Tell from the denotation, we comply with the above types and characteristics of the theoretical and ideological trend can be included in the range of the new criticism theory, as a result, the extension of the new criticism theory is broad and can include media critical theory, critical theory, ethnic, critical theory, the education law critical theory, post-colonial criticism theory and cultural criticism theory criticism theory, technology, management, critical theory, critical theory of globalization, the development critical theory and so on.

We regard "new critical theory" as a kind of theoretical exploration and effort, a kind of intellectual analysis process and social practice trying to understand the contemporary world and society. Therefore, although there are many schools and viewpoints of new critical theory, and people have no unified understanding of its definition, there is still a general "family resemblance" in its theoretical intention. The emergence of "new critical theory" has its inherent motivation and intention. We can understand the goal and purpose of "new critical theory" from several dimensions such as the history of critical theory, the realistic social situation of new critical theory and the theoretical purview.

There is no consensus on the time division of the evolution of "social critical theory" represented by Frankfurt school. As mentioned above, mark foster, an American scholar, is a social critical theory divided by habermas into "former" and "new critical theory". Some scholars call habermas' previous critical theory as "old" critical theory, while habermas' is "the new version of critical theory". 2. Wang fengcai, a Chinese scholar, holds that the critical theory of Frankfurt school has experienced three periods of development. The second stage, represented by habermas in the early stage, focuses on the reconstruction of critical theory and criticism of modernity. In the third stage, represented by habermas and hornet, critical theory appeared and completed the "political ethics turn".

From the perspective of theoretical context and pedigree, "new critical theory" continues the tradition and spirit of general social critical theory, among which the most important is its "critical" spirit of society. However, due to the changes of times and other factors, some people believe that social critical theory, mainly represented by the Frankfurt school, is facing a series of theoretical dilemmas and has lost its explanatory power and critical power. The "new critical theory" shows that although there are many differences between them and traditional critical theory, it maintains the intrinsic essence of traditional social critical theory, which is the critical analysis of social reality. Therefore, the critical theory represented by Frankfurt school can still serve as an important ideological resource for contemporary social criticism. In a sense, "new critical theory" is to activate the spiritual vitality of traditional critical theory.

As the new criticism theory books editor, Patricia at katyn and misty, he points out: "the new criticism theory" is the purpose of expanding the vision of critical theory, two broad spectrum, beyond its one is created, jurgen habermas and students study plan, the other is formed by the postmodern culture institute pedigree. The series gives new vitality to early critical theory from a more explicit perspective of post-colonial and post-patriarchy. The "new critical theory" embodies the theoretical and operational attention to class, sex and race, and strives to promote and benefit various social liberation movements. So we see so many new critical theory forms is the obvious manifestation of this feature.

In the contemporary world and society, especially since the 1990s, human society has undergone many major changes. "new critical theory" scholars believe that it is necessary to form a new critical theory "paradigm" to understand the social changes taking place around us. William s. wilkerson and Jeffrey Paris point out that "the new critical theory attempts to understand the interrelationship between macro and micro analysis, the crisis of the expansion of global capitalism, the multiple forces of oppression in the post-modern society, and the corresponding multiple paths of liberation required by it." In the eyes of the new critical theorists, this type of knowledge can prevent amnesia about past social trends that may be repeated, can create a distance from the immediacy of the present, and can help us understand the connections in the uncertain course of historical events. For example, "the upheavals and upheavals in eastern Europe and the former Soviet union demonstrate that even 40 years of authoritarian control have not destroyed the historical links of rebellious ideologies or ethnic, racial and religious communities. There remains an unresolved question subservient to critical examination: do the cultures and human resources that facilitate the re-awakening, renewal, and expansion of democratic politics exist within capitalist societies, particularly in the United States?" "The revelation and reinterpretation of the historical resources of common memory, identity and culture, the revealed or possible sources of solidarity, and the unmet needs and sufferings, can be translated into critical normative language in the service of the interests of social justice and wider democracy." In these processes, critical theory can play a great role.

It is well known that critical thinking about society has been running through the history of human thought. In modern and contemporary social thoughts, there are some complete social critical theories, such as Frankfurt social critical theory, post-modern social criticism, post-marxist social criticism and so on.

"New critical theory" advocates believe that with the change of times, new social critical theory is also needed. Abandoning social and cultural criticism will only lead to submission and irrationalism. And "the new social critical theory must be firmly based in a normative way on the differentiated historical subjects, who can integrate themselves into the public rather than into the homogeneous will of the liberated subjectivity. Any reconstruction of the concept of collective liberation should be sensitive to such postmodern themes as pluralism, difference and heterogeneity. In order to gain a deeper historical perspective lost in the post-industrial dialectics of enlightenment and postmodernism, critical theorists should interpret the events of the current situation in the context of the long-term social and cultural development.

Giddens when it comes to "as a critical theory of sociology," concluded: "in understanding those has faded after the history in various social form, in understanding the different from due to the current social changes created on the basis of various lifestyle, we can realize the task of sociology as a critical business. As a critical theory, sociology does not regard any social world as an established thing, but asks the following questions: what kind of social change is feasible and worth pursuing? How should we achieve these goals?"

Obviously, "new critical theory" has the mission of critical theory. Therefore, its task is not only to criticize the social reality, but also to seek and demonstrate various ways of liberation in contemporary society. "New critical theory" has critically considered various phenomena of contemporary capitalism, from race to gender, from technology to communication, from domestic to international, etc., with the purpose of finding various forces and sources of resistance of contemporary oppression. "All critical theories emphasize the dialectics of domination and liberation. That is to say, critical theory develops into a practice that puts liberation above theory itself. And practice itself is a central feature of Marx's own radical theory."

We see in various types of "new critical theory" that the idea of "democracy" is their common pursuit. Theorists have found that the undemocratic process of "constructing" realistic forms is one of the most important reasons for various malpractices in contemporary society. Therefore, although we are not yet able to build a perfect form of things, democracy is the most important method or path to a more reasonable form of society. Such as critical theory of technology, critical theory of education, critical theory of capitalism, etc., all reflect the appeal of building a democratic society, so as to achieve technological democracy, educational democracy, social democracy, legal democracy, international democracy and so on. As amin puts it: "needless to say, in the initial stages of this reconstruction, the concern is not to seize power at once. Instead, the priority is to reintegrate the social forces that have been weakened by the ongoing crisis at the mass level."

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