The spread of American culture

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The spread of American culture，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的文化传播。只自从二战结束后，文化传播在美国的对外扩张中一直扮演着重要的角色。随着现代传播技术和媒介渠道的飞速发展，文化传播已经发展成为关乎美国国家安全的重要战略力量。作为世界上信息传播体系最发达的国家，美国在坚持军事霸权的同时，特别注重用先进的文化传播手段对其他国家进行文化渗透和意识操纵，以确保自己在全球的文化影响力。

After World War II, with the establishment of the global hegemony system of the United States, cultural communication has been playing a very important role in its external expansion. Especially the rapid development of modern communication technology and media channels, this makes its culture dissemination strengthen it under the guise of "democracy and freedom" touting its hegemonism cultural viewpoint, infiltration of culture in cultural exchanges with other countries, take advantage of the media to its global hegemony year, to ensure that their influence in the global culture. Under the direct input and policy support of the government, the United States has established a "media empire" with outstanding technologies and covering the whole world, which presents such remarkable characteristics as high-tech means of communication, multi-media means of communication, strong power of communication and marketization of communication channels.

After World War II, cultural communication has been playing an important role in America's foreign expansion. With the rapid development of modern communication technology and media channels, cultural communication has become an important strategic force related to the national security of the United States. As the country with the most developed information communication system in the world, the United States, while insisting on military hegemony, pays special attention to using advanced cultural communication means to conduct cultural infiltration and ideological manipulation on other countries to ensure its global cultural influence.

Throughout the modern history of the United States, every foreign military expansion has been accompanied by cultural expansion. Since the establishment of its hegemonic system in the 1940s, in addition to maintaining and strengthening its hegemonic position through military means, it has paid more attention to the application of "soft power" of cultural communication.

The United States is a typical country of immigrants. It has only been a nation for more than two hundred years and is famous for its multi-culture. However, every American President had an ideal of "promoting democracy, freedom and American values" as the responsibility and obligation of the United States to the world, and the source of this ideal was the cultural tradition of the superiority of "god's chosen people" and the "salvation concept" of "natural mission" of the Catholic puritans of the early European immigrants. They have always believed that the American culture and way of life are the model of human beings. Under the influence of this cultural tradition, the United States formed and developed a hegemonic cultural view that led and dominated the world, and regarded the army as a tool to promote its "democracy and freedom", and regarded the non-democratic regime as the biggest threat to the security of the United States. "Fighting for lifestyle" and "fighting for values" have become important spiritual motivations for the United States to launch wars and seek global strategic interests. Especially after the "September 11" incident, the United States, in the name of fighting "terrorism" and "eradicating tyranny", cleverly used information from all sides, tried to demonize each other, and relied on its powerful propaganda machine to echo the "might" of the government and the "big stick" of the military to "build momentum" for its war. These wars have not only brought disastrous consequences to the regions involved in the war, but also added more factors of instability to the whole world.

After World War II, with the establishment of the global hegemony of the United States, it increasingly took cultural exchanges as an important means to achieve its strategic goals. The U.S. government's largest cultural exchange program is the Fulbright program. The program began in 1948, and is designed to support students and scholars from the United States and around the world to study, research and visit the United States. In addition, the United States information agency's international visitor program brings more than 5,000 practitioners from around the world to the United States each year to interact with their counterparts. And scholarships for foreign students, in Clinton's own words, are a small price to pay to bring "American democracy and freedom, the American way of life back to their home countries, far more effective than direct military intervention." The United States often treats the cultural exchanges between China and the United States with the values of cultural expansionism by virtue of its developed social, economic and cultural communication means, and infiltrates ideologies and values in various aspects. For example, the us government promotes its own concept of human rights in politics, measures and demands China's reality with its own human rights standards, and frequently interferes in China's internal affairs under the pretext of human rights. In the field of ideology is to accelerate the assimilation and infiltration of our country. The purpose of the United States to do so is very clear, that is, to hinder and impact the spread of these countries' traditional culture, and to accept the ideas advocated by American culture imperceptibly.

The United States is the most developed country in the world in terms of media. With its strong economic strength and advanced science and technology, it has established a global information communication system. It has the Associated Press and united press international two major news agencies, has a strong ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN four television networks, from the overall dominant world public opinion. The Associated Press and united press international use more than 100 languages to deliver news around the clock to more than 100 countries and regions. The U.S. government's voice of America radio station broadcasts in more than 50 languages. It is broadcast and rebroadcast by nearly 4,000 radio stations around the world. These media are the mouthpieces of the us government's external propaganda. In addition to the strong dissemination of the American media, the United Nations headquarters and many other international organizations are headquartered in the United States, which further expands the influence of the American media on international public opinion. At the same time, the United States advanced information technology, network technology occupies a monopoly position, can be said to control the global network information output initiative. Of the Internet's 320 million web pages, more than 80% come from the U.S. and more than 95% come from services. The Internet has become a new front for the U.S. government to spread culture. On the night of the 2009 election in Iran, the cia spread the news that mousavi had been informed of his victory by the guardian council via voice of America's Persian service, text messages and Twitter. Then, a few hours later, when the official news of ahmadinejad's victory came out, what was supposed to be an honest message looked like a big fraud, and then rumors of electoral fraud spread quickly, leading to massive civil unrest. From this example, we can clearly see the role of the American news communication network.

The United States government has always placed the promotion of cultural communication as a national strategic priority, and its successive presidents have elevated it to a position that is crucial to the national interests and foreign policy of the United States. Through direct government investment or policy support, it has established a "media empire" with outstanding technology and global coverage.

Compared with the previous means of communication, the technological content of cultural communication in the United States is getting higher and higher. Both cultural symbols and communication technologies have formed new forms under the support of high and new technologies, especially information technologies. As far as cultural symbols are concerned, artificial language and logical symbols are replacing traditional physical symbols and literal symbols and becoming the main symbol system carrying cultural information. In terms of communication technology, digital information technology and virtual reality technology have gradually replaced traditional printing technology and electronic technology and become the main technical support system for cultural communication. Communications equipment is getting better. For example, the U.S. military in Afghanistan, the use of radio aircraft. The special aircraft, piloted by the air force's 193rd special mission, the solo commandos, hovered over Afghanistan day and night, broadcasting regular FM, am radio, television, shortwave and military read-through channels every day, in addition to a large number of propaganda materials distributed to taliban-controlled areas. At the same time, the United States has also used advanced monitoring equipment to monitor other countries' broadcasting propaganda, and cracked down on "disobedient" media.

In the communication system of the United States, satellite radio and television media and computer network media have increasingly replaced the traditional paper publication media and become the main communication media system in modern society. With the development of information revolution, the media degree of American cultural communication is becoming higher and higher. Its modern media has formed a relatively independent field of cultural communication and has increasingly become a specialized force controlled by the us government. Nixon regarded mass media as the "fourth battlefield", advocated no economy in this aspect, and stressed that "the United States should not enter this ideological battlefield with bare hands". Eisenhower argued in the 1950s that "one dollar spent on propaganda is equal to five dollars spent on defense." Carter bluntly declared: "it is more important and more economical to install new launch equipment to broadcast to the east than to install missiles."

The United States attaches great importance to the construction of cultural transmission power and regards it as an important means of cultural conquest and expansion of international power. In the early 1990s, Joseph nye, an American strategic researcher, put forward that "value standard", "market economy" and "western civilization" have the nature of "soft power" different from hard power such as economy and military power in international affairs and international exchanges. At the end of November 2000, the administration of President Bill Clinton at the White House for the first time held the seminar of "culture and diplomacy", to express the U.S. government's emphasis on cultural diplomacy, and then to the congress called for increased funding for cultural diplomacy, in order to make full use of the culture of this "soft resources", to mass transfer abroad a set of values of American society, for the government to achieve its political, economic, and strategic target remove obstacles, so as to strengthen the cultural influence on global development, can ensure that the United States in the era of globalization around the unique status of world affairs.

The United States attaches great importance to the supporting production and wide export of cultural products and makes full use of market forces to spread its liberal and democratic ideas and values. The application of high technology makes American cultural products more attractive, permeable and competitive. Industries such as film, television, radio, compact disc and Internet have made their products more competitive and have a larger market share with superior conditions and advanced means. For example, American film production only accounts for 6% to 7% of the world's film production, but Hollywood films occupy more than 90% of the world's film market share. At the same time, the United States also attaches great importance to the combination of commodity export and cultural export. In the steady flow of cultural entertainment and daily consumer goods export, the American ideology contained in it is also spread to these countries in large quantities, and gradually internalized into the values of the people of these countries. As former President George h.w. bush said, no country in the world has yet found a way to import the world's goods and technology while keeping foreign ideas at bay. In the cultural communication of the United States, the contribution of transnational corporations should not be underestimated. America has many multinational companies in every corner of the world.

Through them, the United States has not only extended the tentacles of capital to where, but also brought the American values and American way of life to where. Since the reform and opening up, American culture has spread in China on an unprecedented scale. American movies, American pop music, and American computer software have become almost household names in China.

Among Chinese teenagers, especially those in urban areas, few don't know Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, Coca-Cola and KFC, and McDonald's fast food. Few can't casually name several American pop stars, soccer stars and movie stars. As a carrier of British and American culture, English has gained unprecedented popularity in China. Toefl fever is a common phenomenon on Chinese university campuses. These cultural products and services marked by the spread of American culture have exerted a broad and far-reaching influence on China's culture, education, economy and society.

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