美国作业代写：Energy cooperation between China and Russia

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Energy cooperation between China and Russia，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了中俄的能源合作。中俄能源合作经过多年的努力，取得了一定进展。中俄油气合作经历了从简单的石油贸易，到成立合资公司，已经形成了上下游、管道、贸易一体化的基本格局。但两国能源合作也面临着一些问题的制约。在新的形势下，两国必须换位思考，争取能源结构互补，互利共赢。

China-Russia energy cooperation after years of efforts, has made some progress. Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation has experienced from the simple oil trade, to the establishment of joint ventures, to the upper and lower reaches of the integration of cooperation, has formed the upper and lower tourism, pipelines, trade integration of the basic pattern. But the energy cooperation between the two countries also faces the change of Russian energy diplomacy strategy, the competition of the major energy demand countries in Northeast Asia, the strategic misgivings of Russia to China, and the contradictions of the internal interest groups of Russia. Under the new situation, China's energy cooperation should have a new strategic thinking: transposition of the thinking, to strive for complementary energy structure, mutual benefit and mutually beneficial, to improve the Sino-Russian energy cooperation mechanism, to ensure the security of energy cooperation, energy cooperation should be diversified, deepen energy cooperation between the two countries, draw lessons from Russian energy diplomacy experience, build China's new energy diplomacy strategy and new pattern.

Since the development of human society, the military superiority has not been the decisive factor to ensure the highest authority in the world after the modern industrialization revolution, and the energy of oil, natural gas and coal has become the indispensable material basis for the survival and development of human society. Russia, as a major oil and gas producer and exporter in the world today, has had a wide-ranging impact on the world economic and political arena through the implementation of the energy diplomacy strategy in recent years. China as the world's second largest energy consumer, but also Russia's neighbors, to objectively understand the energy cooperation between Russia and Russia, effectively respond to the Russian energy diplomacy strategy, to circumvent the constraints of cooperation, so as to expand the Sino-Russian cooperation and exchanges in the field of energy, to achieve mutual benefit and win.

On the issue of developing energy cooperation with China, Russia's understanding and understanding of Chinese energy situation, development trend and cooperation prospect determine Russia's attitude towards cooperation and the depth and breadth of energy cooperation between the two sides, and directly affect the behavior and strategy of Russian cooperation. Looking back on history, Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation has gone through the simple oil trade, to the establishment of joint ventures, to the integration of the upper and lower reaches of the cooperation.

Although the Sino-Russian energy cooperation after years of efforts, has made some progress, but the current situation of Russian energy cooperation, can clearly see the development of Sino-Russian energy cooperation in a series of problems, which is restricted to the two countries in the energy cooperation factors closely related. Overall, because of Russia's energy cooperation initiative on the Russian side, Russia in order to ensure that its interests maximized, the adoption of a delaying and prevention strategy, coupled with third country intervention, resulting in cooperation twists, slow progress. The author thinks these restricting factors are embodied in the following aspects:

In Russia's view, China-Russia energy cooperation is only part of Russia's overall energy diplomacy strategy, and its scale of cooperation and process depends on the realization of the maximization of Russian economic and political interests. In Russia's multi-group bilateral energy cooperation, Russia and China's energy cooperation is not a very important position, Russia-China relations in a large extent from the Russian-American and Sino-US relations. Russia and the United States energy cooperation than Russia and China can directly restrict Russia's integration into the world economic system and other major issues to solve, this is because Russia's diplomacy is largely dependent on the state of the Russian-American relationship, and the Russian-Chinese cooperation cannot fully compensate for the huge losses caused by Russia's exclusion from the United States.

North-East Asia is the world's fastest-growing energy demand in the region, Japan and South Korea's oil and gas resources are almost entirely dependent on overseas supply. The common demand for Russian energy is bound to cause competition, which complicates the external environment of Sino-Russian energy cooperation. In particular, Japan, China and Russia "big line" program of abortion, the Japanese money "aggravating" played a role, and Japan to attract Russian funds to help the way to meet the Russian strategic intent to balance energy diplomacy.

Bramachelani, a prominent Indian international political scholar, has pointed out: "China and Russia will never be allied, the two sides are suspicious of each other, in particular, the Russian side of the Chinese side of the suspicion is very heavy, the two countries are in geopolitical opposition." Russia is worried about China because of its land area and population distribution hanging upside down. Russia has a low population density and rich natural resources, while China, on the other hand, has relatively tight land supplies. Russia spans Eurasia, where Asia accounts for 72% of its territory, Europe accounts for 28%, while Russians live in Europe and Asia accounts for only 25%. In this case, Russia is forced to introduce a large number of Chinese labor development projects in Siberia, but also fear that China "control" and "plunder" Russia's energy resources, worried that China-Russia energy cooperation poses a threat to the Russian economy, the rise of the country will further the development gap between the two countries.

At present, Russia's economic development is in a period of change, which must be changed from the resource-based development model to the innovative model. With the economic transformation, Russia's policy and regulation will also be adjusted and modified. such as the nationalization of oil and gas resources management, foreign companies to invest in Russia's oil and gas industry to set various restrictions. The instability of energy policy, so that foreign companies in Russia's interests are not guaranteed, unfriendly investment environment to a certain extent, restricts the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation.

With the change of Russia's political system and economic structure, various types of interest groups have been increasing, they have different ideas and demands on energy cooperation with foreign countries, so as to contain the decision of the Russian Government on energy cooperation with China, so that the government tends to show indecision and increase the variable. For example, in the "Security line" to the choice, the Russian pipeline transport company to deny the "big line", the oil pipeline to the Pacific coast, one of the important reasons is to increase the length of the pipeline, increase the amount of work, so that the group to obtain more operating income.

With the soaring oil and gas prices in the international market, the problem is becoming more and more prominent. Russia has repeatedly asked for price hikes, and China has made a lot of concessions, and oil and gas prices have been higher than Russia's exports to the EU. The Russians have repeatedly stressed that the cost of oil and gas to China is higher than that of Europe, and that China cannot expect the Russians to give special concessions on price issues. Because: First, East Siberia oil and gas exploration and development cost is very high; second, from East Siberia to China to transport oil and gas need to build a new infrastructure, and the oil and gas pipeline system to Europe has been better, and basically realized the cost depreciation.

On the one hand, China's characteristics of Russia's oil and gas field, Russian culture and other research deficiencies. On the other hand, China's cooperation in the Sino-Russian energy promotion process without considerable economic and technological advantages to attract Russia's attention, and the introduction of foreign gas-related major ancillary projects lag, has not yet formed a sound market supply.

Since the signing of the energy cooperation Agreement between China and Russia in 1996, China and Russia have cooperated in different degrees in the fields of oil, gas, coal, electricity and nuclear energy, and the scale and level of cooperation have been upgraded, which has become an important impetus for the development of the two countries ' economy and strategic cooperative partnership. Since Mr. Xi's visit to Russia in 2013, energy cooperation between the two countries has entered a new era, with a growing number of negotiations on energy cooperation between the two countries. In April this year, China and Russia conducted two important talks on energy cooperation. One is the Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation committee meeting between Chinese Vice-Premier Zhang and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dvorkovic, and the other is the Sino-Russian gas cooperation talks between China Petroleum Group chairman ' and Russian natural gas industry company President Miller. The two talks show that China-Russia energy cooperation is entering a critical period of accelerated, comprehensive and focused implementation. In the new historical period, China-Russia energy cooperation should have a new strategy and new thinking.

The new strategy and new thinking of Sino-Russian energy cooperation should be based on Russia's energy diplomacy. The thought of Russia's energy diplomacy can be summed up as the core of safeguarding energy security, safeguarding national interests and promoting economic development, and achieving the goal of becoming an international energy market leader by means of comprehensive utilization of energy and other resources. The measures taken by Russia in energy cooperation between China and Russia are based on this strategic thought and have exerted far-reaching influence on China-Russia energy cooperation.

First, Russia pursues the "double head Eagle" The geopolitical strategy, like a double-edged sword, affecting the development of Sino-Russian energy cooperation. 　　On the one hand, with the rapid growth of energy consumption demand in China, Russia is more concerned about this huge market and takes a more positive attitude towards Sino-Russian energy cooperation. On the other hand, the positive development of Sino-Russian relations is often due to the reverse development of relations between Russia and the West, the farther the latter, the closer the former, and the degree to a certain extent, the relationship between China and Russia with some kind of passivity. Second, Russia's energy diplomacy has a strong realism in the balance of things. Russia in the energy diplomacy is good at the use of checks and balances strategy, the United States, Europe as a strategic focus, with China as a strategic fulcrum, in the international energy competition into the attack, retreat, to ensure the stability of the status of energy power. We should fully recognize China's position in Russia's energy strategy, in addition to the development of a solid cooperative relationship with Russia, but also to lock their own strategic focus and fulcrum for China's energy security escort. Over the years, Sino-Russian relations "political heat through the cold", 2012 years of Sino-Russian trade volume of 88.1 billion U.S. dollars, still less than one-fifth of Sino-US trade. Mainly because Russia's energy diplomacy is the core of maximizing national interests, it prefers to put Sino-Russian energy cooperation in the overall energy strategy and peripheral security strategy, rather than on the special framework of Sino-Russian political and economic cooperation. Therefore, in the Sino-Russian energy cooperation, we must realize that the friendly political relationship does not mean that energy cooperation can proceed smoothly.

In short, Russia's energy diplomacy with a strong realism, emphasizing foreign energy cooperation for its geopolitical and international political and economic status services.

On the other hand, China's growing energy consumption also needs a safe and stable source of energy imports, which provides a win basis for Sino-Russian energy cooperation. At the same time, the active promotion of the two Governments provides indispensable diplomatic support for energy cooperation. China and Russia have close high-level exchanges with the energy sector, and President Xi Jinping and President Putin met in Moscow to announce a new climax of China-Russia energy cooperation. To examine Russia's energy diplomacy strategy from the angle of international relations has some enlightening significance for developing diplomatic relations and developing energy cooperation with Russia and other countries.

First, change the thinking, strive for energy structure complementary, mutual benefit and win. The success of energy cooperation depends on the two countries in the game in order to meet the interests of their respective countries the best balance point. At present, China and Russia are facing energy security issues, China and Russia each other in the foreign strategy of the position and play a different role, energy security for the two countries is not exactly the same meaning. The study of Russia's energy policy should be changed thinking, stand in the perspective of an energy exporter to think about Russia's energy policy, and rationally find a response strategy. The complementarity between Russia and China in oil supply and demand structure provides broad prospects for cooperation between the two countries. On the one hand, with the rapid development of industrialization, urbanization and motorization in China, the demand for energy will increase greatly. International experience shows that in the process of urbanization, the urbanization rate between 20%~70%, the industrial structure has undergone a shift from agriculture-oriented to industrial-oriented, and the per capita energy consumption and intensity are rising rapidly in the same period. Russia, on the other hand, needs a sustained and stable oil and gas market in China to promote the development of East and West Siberia.

Second, to improve China-Russia energy cooperation mechanism to ensure the security of energy cooperation. First, we can draw on Russia-Europe Energy Dialogue mechanism, establish China-Russia energy Strategy dialogue mechanism, on the basis of consultation, formulate two-medium long-term plan for oil and gas cooperation, and provide system guarantee for China-Russia energy cooperation. Second, on the basis of stabilizing bilateral energy cooperation between China and Russia, we should actively participate in the establishment of multilateral energy cooperation mechanism in Northeast Asia and Asia-Pacific. At present, the energy demand of Northeast Asia is very high, and has common interests in obtaining stable energy supply. The establishment of a North-East Asia Energy Partnership, similar to the European Energy Charter, and the inclusion of Russia as a supplier of the energy system could be considered as a more effective way of easing the "prisoner dilemma" caused by Russia's "divide and conquer" in northeast Asia and even the Asia-Pacific region. Third, we should actively exert the role of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, while continuing to play the role of the SCO in the fight against "three forces", the economic function of the SCO is valued, and the mechanism of economic and trade and energy cooperation in Central Asia will be established by the SCO to enhance the level of energy cooperation between China and Russia in Central Asia and Northeast Asia. As President Xi Jinping attended the SCO Heads of State Council meeting in September 2013, he called for the establishment of an energy club. Coordinate energy cooperation within the framework of the Organization, establish stable supply and demand relations, ensure energy security, and cooperate extensively in areas such as energy efficiency and the development of new energy sources.

Third, China and Russia should diversify their energy cooperation methods and deepen energy cooperation between the two countries. Although China and Russia have made great achievements in energy cooperation, the main focus is on energy trade. The two countries should make one party fit into the other's market by means of equity transfer and technology introduction, and enlarge the breadth of Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation. The two countries can also carry out all-round cooperation in petroleum and petrochemical industry chain, such as oil and gas pipeline construction, exploration and development, refining and processing, crude oil trade, engineering and technical service, equipment import and export. It is worth mentioning that the cooperation between the two countries in the field of energy science and technology is not sufficient. The two countries have great potential in energy technology, but they have not been well developed. Russia will not be satisfied with China's low level of energy trade cooperation in order to ensure its long-term sustainable development. China and Russia have many fields of energy and technology cooperation, such as in coal chemical industry and clean coal utilization, Russia has a good research results, the Chinese also have quite rich practical experience. The two countries can jointly build the industrial base of clean coal and coal chemical industry in the Far East coal producing area. In addition, nuclear power and UHV long-distance transmission can also be the focus of energy technology cooperation between the two countries.

Four, draw lessons from Russian energy diplomacy experience, build China's new strategy and new pattern of energy diplomacy. From the perspective of space dimension, Russia adopts the global multilateral energy diplomacy strategy to carry out energy diplomacy to the United States, China and Japan, and enhances its international geo-strategic position and influence. From the perspective of the time dimension, Russia's energy diplomacy has a clear medium-and long-term strategic planning. China should use Russian energy diplomacy as a reference to build an energy diplomacy strategy that conforms to China's energy reality and helps China's economic development. China should also actively develop energy cooperation with other countries and regions, such as the Central Asian countries, and diversify energy cooperation in cooperation with Russia. In addition, we should set up the short-term and long-term objectives of energy diplomacy strategy, combine the political demands of different energy sources, and step up the energy diplomacy measures. In the immediate target, effectively strive for Russia, secretly restricting the United States, in the process of achieving medium-term objectives, the use of diplomatic means to unite the Middle East and Central Asian countries, to obtain a stable oil supply; In the course of long-term development planning and propulsion, stabilize Latin American oil partners and drive resource development and Energy exchange in Africa.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创assignment代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有assignment代写、essay代写、paper代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的assignment代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多assignment代写范文 提供留学生作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。-ZR