社会主义市场的发展为何停滞不前?(下)

英国Dissertation代写论文精选范文：“社会主义市场的发展为何停滞不前?(下)”，这篇论文主要介绍了改革开放前后中国经济的走势，并对社会主义和资本主义间的本质差异进行了研究和探讨。

Improvements by the socialist market economy

The development of our socialist market economy in the past thirty years has brought a dramatically change in our economic life. Let us have a detailed research in it. Those changes are outlined chiefly as follows:

1. The relations of production have been established with the state-owned economy remaining dominant and diverse ownerships developing side by side. Multi-ownership structure is in line with the development of the productive forces at the primary stage of socialism, which is a hopeful sign.

2. The market system has been basically formed. Also, the market infrastructure has been improved. The monopoly sector and regional obstacles are gradually being broken. Positive effects are fulfilled by correcting the market economic order.

3. A new macro-control and regulatory system of the national economy has been set up, with measures ranging from the state mandatory plan and credit scale control to the comprehensive development plan or fiscal and monetary policies. Indirect regulation begins to act as a main role. The emphasis of macro regulation shifts from intervention in the micro-economy to regulation of the total quantity of supply and demand, and from the expansion of speed and quantity to the improvement of quality, performance, and structure. More attention is paid to the coordinated development of the economy and society.

4. Reform of the field of distribution is being gradually strengthened. And this pattern will continue. Distribution depends on labor remains dominant, and diverse distribution modes coexist.

5. A social security system has been established. This is mainly consisting of insurance for the elderly, age, unemployment and health insurance. And this social security system is structured and to be independent of enterprises.

6. Institutional reform and transformation of government functions have been carried on.

Threats that hinder the socialist market sustained growth

Although China keep on developing with a high speed, we still will face several problems.

To begin, we will face severe problems with natural resources and the environment. Because of the rapid development, China will enter into a period that high

consumption of resources and increasingly pollution will place more pressure on resources and the environment. In 2000, China's GDP was quadruple that of 1978. Also, efforts are paid underway to quadruple the GDP of 2000 by 2020. Obviously, only if the pattern of economic growth is transformed, the gross consumption of resources and pollution of the environment will also quadruple. Actually, many developing countries are industrializing, thus the competition for resources is becoming more intense undoubtedly. In the last century, 15 percent of developing countries entered into the industrial stage of development. In the twenty-first century, 85 percent of developing countries will follow the same path, which will place great demands on the world's resources. Finally, prices of important resources such as petroleum will skyrocket.

China is undergoing rapid economic growth while looming scarcity of resources. The challenge that China faces is to slacken the intense conflict between fostering economic growth and the resulting stresses on resources and the environment too. For example, China's large output of steel, cement, aluminum, and other important products puts an enormous strain on resources. Since China's per capita resources are only 79 percent of the world average, alleviation of the conflict among competing interests in economic growth, resource conservation, and preservation of the environment is an important problem and at first priority with which China will have to deal in the near future.

Also International competition is becoming more intense. The spread of economic globalization and the rapid advance of science and technology mean both opportunities and challenges for China. Economic globalization is a bilateral rather than unilateral process. China cannot participate in globalization without opening its internal markets. Thus a problem arises in that our domestic industries have to compete internationally at the same time that our international competitors are moving their operations within China's borders. Economic competition is primarily competition in the development of science and technology. In this respect, China's competitive ability is weak. The general level of science and technology in modern China is low, and the degree of dependence on foreign science and technology reaches 50 percent, which results in China's subjection to other countries in key technologies. Presently, the contribution of high tech industry to the total value of China's industrial output is less than thirty percent, compared with 60 to 70 percent in developed countries. Most of China's core technologies are imported. For example, in 2002, 95 percent of China's semiconductor manufacturing facilities and 70 percent of automobile plants were dependent on imported technology. Funding for research and development in China is limited. Only $23.8 billion was allocated in 2004, which is just one-thirteenth of the U.S. figure. If this situation is not changed, the gap between China and the developed countries will widen, and it will be impossible for China to achieve modernization.

The other thing that we should be concerned is that our opening-up process is moving toward the mode of depending more and more on foreign countries. The degree of dependence on Chinese foreign trade (the ratio of the total value of imports and exports to GDP) tends to increase: it was only 9.7 percent in 1978, but reached 65.6 percent in 2006, of which 36.1 percent were exports and 29.5 percent imports. The main part of Chinese foreign trade is assembling, with the beginning and end outside the country, so the domestic sphere does not add much additional value. The proportion of the assembling trade to the total value of Chinese exports is 54.7 percent; the proportion of general trade is only 41.3 percent. Foreign-funded enterprises, however, have played a main role in Chinese foreign trade. The proportion of imports and exports by state-owned enterprises to the total was 70.2 percent in 1994; for others it was 29.8 percent including foreign-funded and collective-owned enterprises. The state-owned enterprises' share went down to 28.6 percent, but the foreign-funded enterprises rose to 57.5 percent in 2004. The total value of Chinese high and new technology exports increased from $US24.7 billion $US218.25 billion during 1999-2005, which is a 7.8-times increase, but the exports of Chinese high and new technology depend seriously on foreign countries. The proportion of exports of general trade is decreasing and the proportion of exports in the assembling trade in increasing. The value of high and new technology exports in the assembling trade in 2002 is $US60.63 billion (89.3 percent of the total value of high and new technology exports), an increase of 20 percent in comparison with 1993. The foreign-funded enterprises play a dominant role in the export of high and new technology, their proportion of the total high and new technology exports was 82.2 percent in 2002. The actual investment value of foreign-only investment enterprises surpassed other foreign direct investment in 2001. It is still increasing in proportion and quantity, and is becoming dominant. The value of FDI was $US60.325 billion in 2005, including 42.961 billion of foreign-only direct investment. While foreign investment brings about an increase on job opportunities, it squeezes out the development of national enterprises.

The market economy plays an important role in resource allocation, especially in competitive areas, but it is imperfect and unable to maintain a comprehensive macroeconomic balance, a correct relationship between competition and monopoly, protection of resources and environment, and a socially fair distribution, among other aspects of distribution.

Last but not least, the Chinese income gap is very wide, much wider than in some developed countries. The polarization in possession of social wealth, however, should cause most concern. Why did the gap in income and wealth become wider in past years, in spite of opposition and controls? The reason was ignorance of the fact that the ownership reform, including the granting or sale of public assets cheaply, must result in this tendency of distribution. Here the central government must pay more attention to social equality and fairness. Measures should be taken, both in property and distribution, to reach distribution harmony by raising low incomes, enlarging middle incomes, adjusting high incomes, and banning income that are illegal.

Conclusion

To conclude, it is no doubt that the raise of China is since the reform and opening-up in 1978, and the core of the reform and opening-up is the socialist market economy. China puts forward it's objectives of economic and social development after reflecting on its experiences, learning from those of other countries, and bringing its own creativity into play. This shows that the socialist market economy is becoming mature. Although China's growth shows us a very good performance, ther are still some threats can affect China's sustained growth o we should keep on work hard in order to achieve China's sustained development.

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