社会主义市场的发展为何停滞不前?(上)

英国Dissertation代写论文精选范文：“社会主义市场的发展为何停滞不前?(上)”，这篇论文主要叙述了改革开放后中国经济的增长形势，并探讨了平均年增长率曾大幅增长的社会主义市场为何近年来无法继续增长的问题。

Introduction

After the reform and opening-up in 1978, Chinese economy has increased sharply, The Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) in 1978 was RMB 364.5 billion. It grew to RMB 34051 billion in 2009. The average annual growth rate grew 9.7 percent from 1978 to 2005. What made the different and let China growth sharply? The most difference before and after 1978 is the reform and opening-up; and the most important thing in the reform and opening-up is the socialist market. China's growth is the Chinese style socialism, according to Deng Xiaoping, "The essential disparity between socialism and capitalism does not rest on the ratio of plan to market. Planning does not equal socialism, for capitalism has plans. Market does not equal capitalism, for socialism has markets. Both planning and markets are tools to develop the economy." That is, the socialist market.

Theoretical Background - the socialist market economy

In this section, I would like to talk about what socialist market economy is. It is a fundamental concept of this paper. In order to answer this question, we should know what the meaning of market is and what the meaning of socialist is, are there any contradictions between market and socialism?

The word "socialist" or "socialism" is always seen as command system. For command system, most property resources are government owned and economic decision making occurs through a central economic plan. Almost all the major decisions about the use of resources, the composition and distribution of output, and the organization of production are made by the government. Most of business firms are owned by the government and the production is commanded by the government directives. Production goals and the amount of resources to be allocated to each enterprise are determined by the government, so that it can reach its production goals. The government's long-term priorities determine the division of output between capital and consumer goods.

A pure command economy would rely exclusively on a central plan to allocate the government-owned property resources. But, in reality, even the preeminent command economy, Soviet Union tolerated some private ownership and incorporated some markets before its collapse in 1992. (Bure & Mcconnll 2007).

The word market is always represented by market system or capitalism. Market or capitalism is characterized by the private ownership of resources and the use of markets and price to coordinate and direct economic activity. People work in their own self-interest. Everyone seek to achieve their economic goals through their own decisions regarding work, consumption or production. The system allows for the private ownership of capital, communicates through prices, and coordinates economic activity through markets where buyers and sellers come together. Goods and services are produced and resources are supplied by whoever is willing and able to do so. The result is competition among independently acting buyers and sellers of each product and resource. Thus, economic decision making is widely dispersed. Also the higher potential monetary rewards create higher incentives for existing firms to innovate and entrepreneurs to pioneer new products and processes. (Bure & Mcconnll 2007)

It seems that the word "market" and "socialist" are basically contradicted because of the forms of ownership. "Market" stresses that the form ownership should be private while "Socialist" emphasizes that the form ownership should be public. That makes the main different between "market" and "socialist". In addition, the guidance of economic activities in market system is the price, but in command system, the guidance of economic activities is a central economic plan. How to combine "market" and "socialist"?

According to Deng Xiaoping, socialism has two principles: one is that the economies with various types of properties develop together, of which publicly owned property is a main part. The other is that all people become rich; polarization does not exist.

As he said, "The essential disparity between socialism and capitalism does not rest on the ratio of plan to market. Planning does not equal socialism, for capitalism has plans. Market does not equal capitalism, for socialism has markets. Both planning and markets are tools to develop the economy." That is to say, the combination of "market" and "socialist" is the socialist market.

The word "socialist market" is fundamentally meaning that surmounts the limitations of capitalism, and combines the superiority of the economic system of socialism with the advantages of the market economy (Xiaoqin DING 2009). According to the article 6 of the constitution of the People's Republic of China, "The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The system of socialist public ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his work." In the primary stage of socialism, the state upholds the basic economic system with the public ownership remaining dominant and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, and upholds the distribution system in which the distribution according to work remains dominant and a variety of modes of distribution coexist." That is to say, the state, party and people insist the relations of socialist production, adjust mechanisms like the market to the situation and guarantee against a capitalist restoration. Socialist market economy is to ensure the society equity, while the market assures economic efficiency. And the most important thing is, the characteristic of planning is not missing, it just changes to a macroeconomic regulation, which is stronger than that in any capitalist country.

The Chinese growth is different from others countries

Why China can growth by applying socialist market economy, but other country cannot? In this section, I would like to talk about the differences between China and other countries.

The growth of China is unique and is different from any other country's development. Compare with the preeminent command economy, Soviet Union, the main differences between China and Soviet Union are the aspects of "dealing with class struggle in a socialist society and how to build a new society," "commodity markets and capitalism," "whether to adhere to the people first or to State supremacy, and whether to adhere to scientific development or to 'voluntarist' development." Chinese style socialism is completely different with the Soviet style of socialism; it is a close integration of Marxism with China's own situation and a definitely Chinese style socialist path and system of theories. So we called that "Chinese style socialism" or "socialism with Chinese characteristics". (The China Model 2010)

In fact, China has made a rapid progress is due to the country insists on independence and sovereignty, and also it insists on following the socialist path. With such a foundation, China absorbs capital, technology, and experience from the developed countries. China has refused to destroy its own system through replacing it by another transplanted system of that country. The market doesn't construct a separate economic system in a mixed Chinese social formation. There is only one mechanism, which is combined with other more direct forms of public regulation and control, planned to reach socialist goals by a ruling class of workers and farmers, affect all people, dealing with the common ownership of the means of production. (XiaoQin Ding, 2009)

Even the economic system is the same; it may use different economic mechanisms. Marx's future society, the "community of free individuals," is depended on common ownership and planned production to fulfill social needs. The Soviet Union had common ownership of the means of production but used different forms of management, including cooperative ones, as well as some limited market mechanisms. It is another situation in China, where the market plays a more important role now and a fundamental one in resources allocation after the reform and global opening-up. Nevertheless, the characteristic of planning is not missing. It is the pillar of macroeconomic regulation, which is stronger than that in any capitalist nation. With the advance of opening up, we have moved from dominant planned regulation and a "planned commodity economy" to a "socialist market economy."

No one mix of the market and no planning is corrected all the times and in all situations; it needs concrete economic and global conditions. Economic and technological conditions may not exist to permit the implementation of a totally planned economy, put an end to the production and circulation of commodities. However, the market economy has its deficiency internally and there is a misunderstanding to idealize or absolutize it.

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