Female Adolescent Aggression--论文代写范文

这篇论文代写范文涉及暴力和少女的问题。面对这样的问题，将进一步了解关于议程独特的方面。这篇论文代写范文提供了一个严肃的讨论，关于女孩的倾向。

Abstract 
  This review of the literature focuses on aggression and girls. Recent evidence from Statistics Canada has reported on the increase of female adolescent aggression in official crime statistics. This reporting has created considerable interest in a heretofore largely ignored area of childhood maladjustment. This review provides a context on the violence literature with adolescent girls through first, reviewing the aggression literature with girls under the age of twelve years and second, providing a summary of the correlates from the aggression literature with adolescent girls. Important differences regarding the development and expression of aggression with girls in contrast to boys is provided. In the context of what is acknowledged to be a limited literature, there are important themes for human service providers and policy makers to consider in examining assessment, treatment and prevention strategies for aggressive adolescent girls. Finally, an orientation towards furthering a research agenda in the area of adolescent aggression with girls is provided.

 General Orientation and Organization 
  This review of the literature is concerned with violence and adolescent girls. It is presented with the belief that a careful reading of that literature will further an agenda of understanding regarding the unique aspects of girls who display violent behavior. While it is acknowledged that, relative to the literature regarding violence with adolescent boys, the literature with girls may seem limited, our reading of what is available provides a basis for a serious discussion regarding the unique needs of girls who may be prone to acting in violent ways. Our conclusion is that there is an obvious need for professionals to begin to draw on assessment, treatment and prevention options that are sensitive to the unique needs of girls. Again, while the number of studies with girls may seem limited, it is not premature to begin exploring some of the potential findings that could relate to the unique human service needs of girls. 

  We begin within the context of the increasing rate at which girls are proceeding through the youth court in Canada for violent offenses. The report follows with a discussion of potential explanations for that increase with reference not only to problems of definition for childhood and adolescent aggression, but also to some of the unique aspects of the juvenile justice process itself that may affect violence reporting rates with girls. The review of the prediction and assessment literature on adolescent girls’ aggression is divided into two broad areas. The first area includes a section that reviews the literature relating general conceptual issues regarding female aggression, definitions and orientation, as well as the empirical literature with studies focusing on girls under the age of twelve years. 

  The second area, the major focus of this report, examines those studies on aggression and girls between the ages 12 to 17, the corresponding ages in Canada under the Young Offenders Act. This section summarizes those empirical studies that relate to the understanding of the correlates of aggression with adolescent girls and to possible measurement issues for risk prediction. This group of studies fit the criteria for inclusion by age and gender with data reporting an association of factors with girls and violence. The section concludes with suggestions for human service - assessment, treatment and prevention - reflecting anunderstanding from the literature on adolescent aggression with girls to date on how a gendersensitive human service delivery system in youth justice would appear. Finally, the report concludes with recommendations for furthering a research agenda in understanding violence and adolescent girls.

 THE FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS
  Concern with respect to violence and young people in Canada is now without precedence. Fear amongst Canadians for young people’s out of control behaviour is at extraordinary rates (Gabor, 1999). This is despite the fact that Statistics Canada has now reported consecutive years of declining crime with young people. Particularly, violent crime amongst young people overall has shown a reduction over the past five years (StatsCan, 1999). However, both Doob and MacDonald (1998) and Dolmadge, (1995) suggest that the importance of the public’s fear of youth crime is not to be dismissed. Advocacy and political action by the public with respect to crime is strongly motivated not so much by the reality of data, but by the perception of the degree of crime (Cullen, Wright, Brown, Moon, Blankenship & Applegate, 1998). Hence, both a perception and actual incidence rate of violence can combine to be powerful forces in the development of policy towards violent youth. One area that relates both to the perception regarding an increase in violence, as well as an actual increasing incidence rate, is with adolescent girls. Violence with adolescent girls is the only area consistently showing an increase in reported rates of violent offending (considering both age and gender) in Canada (StatsCan, 1999).

  Canada shares this increasing violent crime rate with adolescent girls in other countries (Berger, 1989). Hennington, Hughes, Cavell and Thompson (1998) reported that in the Untied States the general crime rate for adolescent girls has increased at a much higher rate than for any other segment of the population. In particular, the percentage of girls involved in violent crime increased by 103% during the period 1984-1993. However, it should be remembered that male adolescents continue to commit the majority of violent crime with a prevalence ratio compared to female adolescents of from 3:1 to 12:1 depending on the exact type of violent offense reported (Borduin & Schaeffer, 1998). 

  Similarly, Burman, Tisdall and Brown (1998) noted in the United Kingdom that violence amongst adolescent girls has become an issue of increasing concern. A combination of both high profile cases covered in the media and data reporting more girls being seen in youth court in that country for violent offenses has created a sensationalistic aspect to the coverage. Importantly, these authors note the absence of a sound empirical basis on which to make accurate statements with respect to the significance of such increases. The absence of consistent data relating definitions of what constitutes aggression as well as a relative paucity of research on female adolescent aggression will be a theme revisited throughout this review.

  There is considerable commentary in the literature on the effects of the youth justice system in defining what constitutes a crime and its subsequent influence on female youth crime rates. While a full discussion of this issue is beyond the scope of this review, it needs to be acknowledged that discretion within the youth justice process itself may have some bearing on the official reporting of violent crime rates for adolescent girls. Horowitz and Pottieger (1991) have suggested that findings from data on the use of discretion in the U.S. suggests that girls may be charged with minor crimes to a greater extent compared to boys (this includes minor crimes of violence). This is reflected at both the arrest stage and adjudication. Chesney-Lind and Shelden (1992) have suggested that such bias reflects the paternalistic nature of the youth court, translated as increased protection afforded to girls who commit minor infractions in the community. The suggestion is also made that girls who commit minor assaults may be more inclined to be charged, for two reasons. First, as a measure of outrage that girls would commit any type of assault and second, as reflecting an increasing accountability for what is currently being seen as an aberration of adjustment for girls who were viewed as heretofore incapable of acting in a violent way (Chesney-Lind & Brown, 1999).(论文代写)

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