Peer Pressure Is Prime Driver of Sexual Behaviors--论文代写范文

危险的性行为容易使年轻人产生各种性相关的疾病问题,包括艾滋病毒。预防艾滋病毒和其它性传播感染的传播主要集中在禁欲、使用安全套等。然而提供证据表明,很大比例的青少年从事有风险的性行为。下面的论文代写范文进行论述。

ABSTRACT 
  Background: Understanding ecological factors that influence risky sexual behavior of adolescents is vital in designing and implementing sexual risk reduction interventions in specific contexts. Interventions undertaken without understanding the critical factors may not produce the desired results. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with adolescent risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among randomly selected school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data were collected by an anonymous self administered questionnaire. Risky sexual behavior was assessed by asking question about sexual activity, consistent condom use and faithfulness to a single partner. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors related to sexual behavior using the ecological framework. Result: Overall 377 (10.6%) of the 723 sexually active students were involved in risky sexual practices. Risky sexual behavior was significantly and very strongly associated with perception of peers’ involvement in sexual intercourse [AOR = 11.68 (95% CI: 8.76 - 15.58)]. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that peer pressure is the most important factor associated with risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa. Interventions aimed at reducing sexual behavior among school adolescents should target adolescents as a group rather than individually. 
  Keywords: Risky Sexual Behavior; School; Peer Norms; Adolescent

 Introduction 
  Risky sexual behavior predisposes young people to a variety of sexuality associated problems including HIV. Strategies to prevent the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections have focused on abstinence, being faithful, condom use and delayed sexual activity. However available evidences show that significant proportion of adolescents are engaged in risky sexual behaviors that expose them to a variety of sexually transmitted infections including HIV [1-5]. Approximately half of the new HIV infections globally occur in the age group 15 to 24 years [6]. In Ethiopia about 90% of the people living with HIV are believed to have acquired the infection before the age of 25 mainly through unprotected sexual intercourse [7,8]. Although significant proportion of young people in Ethiopia are known to be involved in risky sexual behavior such as early sexual initiation, multiple partner sexual relationships, low use of condom, and sex in exchange of money identifying the factors associated with these behaviors so far have been focused on individuallevel factors [9-11]. 

  Extant literatures revealed that peer norms influence sexual initiation and subsequent sexual behaviors [12-14]. Adolescents who perceive their friends are engaged in sexual practices are more likely to adopt those same behaviors [12-14]. Sexual risk behavior is affected and effected by a complex web of factors at the individual, family, school and peer levels [15-17]. Understanding these interwoven and interconnected factors that influence sexual behaviors of adolescent is vital in designing and implementing sexual risk reduction interventions. Using the ecological framework in studying adolescent sexual behavior can widen the scope of investigation in assessing factors that influence adolescent sexual behaviors in specific contexts. Thus, this study was intended to assess the factors associated with risky sexual behavior among school adolescents using the ecological framework.

  This study revealed that one in five high school students have initiated sexual activity and about half of those who initiated sex were involved in risky sexual practices. Analysis of the factors associated with risky sexual behavior using the ecological framework indicated peer pressure is the most important predictor. The study used an extensive sampling procedure and large sample size to maximize the representation of the sample to high school students in Addis Ababa and similar settings. Although, social-desirability biases are likely and can lead to underestimation of risky sexual behaviors, efforts were made to minimize this bias by proving a safe environment to complete the questionnaire and omitting all identifying variables from the questionnaire to ensure anonymity. The cross sectional nature of the study does not allow the full exploitation of temporal relationships and establishing causality. 

  Nonetheless the risky sexual behavior observed in this study is still very high requiring carefully designed interventions that consider breaking peer influences, the prime predictor of risky sexual behavior in this population. Individual level factors had significant association with risky sexual behavior. In agreement with previous studies [18-24] low self esteem and perceived low self efficacy to use condom were significantly associated with risky sexual behavior in this study as well. Programs that are known to increase the self esteem of young people and condom use skill training need to be integrated in school curriculum to promote healthy sexual life for school adolescents. In accordance with studies made elsewhere low parental monitoring and permissive parental norms were significantly associated with greater involvement in risky sexual behavior [25-29]. Parents are the primary socializing agents and have significant influence on their children’s behavior. 

  Up until know there is no institution or programme in Ethiopia providing training on the appropriate way of parenting. Therefore, training parents on how to nurture their children have supreme importance in risk behavior reduction and there by diminution of HIV acquisition. Corroborating with previous studies adolescent who perceive their friends are engaged in risky sexual behavior, were more likely to adopt those same behaviors. [18,29,30]. Peers have significant influences on young peoples behavior. Therefore, strengthening school peer education programmes to create a culture of positive peer influence is critical. Students who perceived connected to school were less likely to be engaged in risky sexual behavior in this study. There are also evidences that showed poor connectedness to school were significantly associated with risky sexual behavior [30-32]. Students need to get more opportunities to stay longer and safely in school environment to promote appropriate student-teacher relationship that can promote sexual risk reduction behaviors. 

  Furthermore, interventions and programmes are needed that reinforce access to positive social connections at school and provide nurturing and caring social contexts in schools. Encouraging safe sexual behavior is one of the strategies in the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The study clearly showed the priority intervention among high school students is to promote positive peer-to-peer influence to promote safer sexual behavior among high school students. At the same time, promoting appropriate parenting and improving the school environment can augment the effectiveness of peer targeted interventions. This study assessed the determinants of sexual behavior at various levels of the ecological space. However, to better understand the causes of adolescent risky sexual behavior longitudinal investigations that track the antecedents of sexual behavior are needed. Secondly, studies on factors contributing to positive adolescent development are needed to assess the assets in and outside students so that, interventions and programmes which can foster positive behavior can be developed and implemented.(论文代写)

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