Testing the Hypothesis--论文代写范文精选

情感表达,吸引参与者的注意力，通过干扰的任务命名颜色。相反,吸引参与者的注意力。我认为,自闭症患者是异常痛苦的，对于参加负面情绪的活动表达。下面的essay代写范文继续阐述。

Abstract
Although I believe that autism is the best place to look for the existence of CE deficit disorder, it seems clear that some people with a general empathy deficit receive autism spectrum diagnoses (see Rogers et al., 2006). Past research is thus likely to have underestimated the mean EE sensitivity of the large subgroup of people with autism who seem to have CE deficit disorder. Ideally, studies testing the EIH of autism would exclude autistic participants with callous traits or try to distinguish them from other participants. The pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm provides a basis for experimental exploration of the EIH. Ashwin, Wheelwright, and Baron-Cohen (2006) used this paradigm to study people with Asperger syndrome.

Participants are presented with stimuli and instructed to name the color of each stimulus as quickly as possible. (The stimuli consist of pictures of faces that are overlaid with transparent colors. Ashwin et al. used faces with angry expressions and faces with neutral expressions.) The time taken to name the color (i.e., the response latency) is measured. Relative to neutral expressions, facial emotion may increase response latencies (i.e., an interference effect) or decrease response latencies (i.e., a facilitation effect). Emotional expressions that attract the participant’s attention interfere with the task of naming the colors. Conversely, expressions that repel the participant’s attention facilitate the naming task. I have argued that people with autism find it abnormally painful to attend to expressions of negative emotion but potentially pleasant to attend to expressions of happiness.

If the data from the participants with autism revealed a facilitation effect for angry faces relative to neutral faces, this would be consistent with the EIH. Ashwin et al. (2006) found that data from the control group revealed an interference effect for angry faces. In contrast, participants with Asperger syndrome showed shorter response latencies to angry faces than to neutral faces, but this hint of a facilitation effect was not statistically significant. This study could be repeated using distressed faces, happy faces, and neutral faces as stimuli. I predict that distressed faces would significantly facilitate the task performance of participants with autism and that happy faces might interfere with their performance. However, a modification of the stimuli used in the pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm could provide a more potent method for exploring the EIH. Instead of overlaying the entire pictures with transparent colors, the eye color of facial images could be manipulated. The participants would be instructed to name the eye color in each stimulus.

This modified paradigm would require the participant to attend to the most emotionally salient region of the face to perform the naming task. This might sharpen EEbased interference or facilitation effects. The EIH would be supported by data showing a pattern of interference or facilitation effects in autism that would differ significantly from normal patterns and even more from the responses associated with antisocial personality disorder. More specifically, I predict that participants with autism in the modified paradigm would show abnormally long response latencies to distressed faces and relatively short latencies to happy faces. Given that people with autism may find images of distressed people aversive, this research would not be ethically simple.

Conclusion
The study of autism is probably the study of an empathy disorder. But what sort of empathy disorder? Any conclusion positing that most people with autism have a general empathy deficit does not seem justified. This article has outlined an account of autism as an empathy imbalance disorder. I have argued that people with autism tend to have low CE ability but high EE sensitivity. The behavior patterns that lead to a diagnosis of autism might be generated by this imbalance. There is evidence that seems consistent with the hypothesis that people with autism have low EE sensitivity, but there is growing evidence that supports the EIH. People with autism may use avoidant patterns of attention to restrict empathic arousal, and researchers should consider the possibility that an EE surfeit can mimic an EE deficit. (论文代写

The concept of an EE surfeit is consistent with a recurrent theme in the narratives of people with autism and their caregivers. The surfeit concept also relates well to the account of autism as an intense world syndrome characterized by hyperfunctionality and a hyperresponsive amygdala. The EIH of autism builds on the theory of mind hypothesis and the motivational conflict hypothesis but departs from the extreme-male-brain theory. Baron-Cohen played a central role in establishing the theory of mind hypothesis, but his definition of empathizing seems tailored to the extrememale-brain theory of autism: If CE is the first stage in empathizing and EE (or empathic concern) is the second stage, then people with a CE deficit may almost inevitably be identified as weak empathizers. However, if CE and EE are separable systems, then either CE or EE can be the first empathic step. (It would be equally reasonable to define empathizing as the ability to share another’s emotion and to respond to it with an appropriate belief about the other person’s mental state.) The central proposal of this article has been that most people with autism have a capacity for EE that outstrips their CE ability in a problematic way. The EIH is a tentative addition to the array of theoretical searchlights that help illuminate autism.(论文代写

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