Problems in the 1960 issue of Hispanics and Native Americans

本文从5个方面讨论由拉美裔和土著在1960年面临的问题。在什么斗争中，他们的方式是相似的，他们方式有什么不同？分析积极分子对组织的有效性，以及他们的领导人，和最后的结果。拉美裔怎么在民事权利和经济正义上赢得土著的信赖？

Section 1
1. Discuss the issues faced by Latinos and Native American during the 1960. In what ways were their struggles similar and in what ways were they different? Analyze the effectiveness of activist organizations, their leaders, and their outcomes. How did the campaigns for civil rights and economic justice win better representation for Latinos and Native Americans?

Latinos and native Americans are both a minority group in America, they both struggled for greater representation and better treatment during the 1960s as their presence grew quickly, apart from this, equal opportunity and respect for their culture and heritage were their goal too. They are also similar in struggle process. They both used nonviolent unions organized loosely by themselves, the leaders were ordinary Latins or native Americans, and they both achieved some outcomes in forms of laws or agreements. Here come the difference:Latinos protected their culture by demanding bilingual education and voted their minority members to political positions.Native American organizations seek greater autonomy with sometimes a more violent way of confronting the government and then negotiation with some death caused. As a result, the Congress made some reforms in form of act to give native Americans more control over internal affairs, education and lands.

Section 2
2. Through protests and marches, women confronted social and economic barriers in American society. How did the rise of the women’s movement during the 1960s advance women’s place in the work force and in society?

The women’s movement during the 1960s is directed by the theory feminism that women should have equal economic, political and social right with men.Yet reality is there is barrier stopping women to move ahead, and this is what the movement fighting against. Women in workplace is discriminated until in 1961 Kennedy made the commission on the status of women, which unveiled the real inequality before women. The birth of NOW(National Organization for Women) in 1966 protected equal employment chances for women, and traditional male jobs are accessible for women too. The ERA passed in 1972 was another triumph of women rights.This movement changed society in many ways as valuable legacies.It altered women’s traditional roles and their attitudes toward career and family with wider career choices and liberation from female stereotypes, and also opening their lives to more possibilities.

Section 3:
3. The ideal and lifestyle of the counterculture challenged the traditional view of Americans. How did music, art, and the politics of the counterculture leave marks on American society?

Although counterculture movement is short in existence, it had left a lasting influence on the world such as art, music and politics. Pop art appeared with the effect of rebellious lifestyle, they mainly depicted daily life with bright and commercial-looking images showing individual freedom had been lost to convention and impersonal. Music became a way to express political views. For example, the black American spiritual We Shall Overcome served to call up the oppressed black to fight back. In fact, at that time, art, music and politics are mixed together, ordinary people use art and music to express their political desires and did bring some social changes.

4. Extra

What role did the counterculture and antiwar movement play in helping Nixon win the presidency?

During the 1960s, there is a trend or movement in America in which mostly white youth, they are disillusioned toward the war and mainstream social culture of tradition, and they tried to establish a brand new culture and society based on peace and carefree life. This is the famous counterculture and antiwar movement, and the background of Nixon’s presidency. As time went on, more and more people began to attack the trend as a sign of moral decay.Candidate Nixon was one conservative who thought mainstream culture of a country is largely important. For example, he said ‘If one day Chinese people no longer believe in the culture and teaching of their ancestors, that's the moment when we Americans conquer without a single fight.’ The growing conservative voice finally push Nixon to the White House.

5.Optional
Focus on a musician or writer who represented the key characteristics of a counter culture lifestyle. Choose a song or sample from their writing to illustrate their ideas about American society and the events of the 60s-70s. Use the artist/writer and their sample to discuss what issues, ideas, or events they were referring to and how they felt about them. How did their ideologies reflect those of the counterculture and how did their work have an impact on society.

One famous music band is called ‘the Beatles’ who are made up of four British young people, they had helped propelled rock music into the sight of mainstream American culture. Rock music is a main anthem of protest against American traditional culture, so it is sang loudly with enthusiasm by young rebellious Hippies with counterculture lifestyle. Influenced by he Beatles, music had become a vehicle for political expression.For example, Joan Baez made the black people stirred up with their widespread song We Shall Overcome. Simply composed but very emotional, it expressed the determination and confidence of black people to win the right of social justice. It became the main anthem of the civil war movement, the most famous was led by Martin Luther King. The Beatles affected fashion with their long hair and psychedelic clothing, and finally became the landmark of the counterculture.


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