9/11 Incident-essay代写

本文是一篇优秀的essay范文- 9/11 Incident，供大家赏析学习，这篇论文讨论了9·11事件。在2001年9月11日上午，两架被恐怖分子劫持的飞机撞向了美国纽约世界贸易中心，导致大楼和附近的建筑坍塌损毁；另一架被劫持的客机则撞向美国五角大楼，造成了大楼局部结构损坏并坍塌。这一恐怖袭击事件对美国公民造成了严重心理伤害，特别是那些遇难者的家属。这一恐怖袭击事件无疑已经成为美国人永远挥之不去的心病。

On the morning of 11 September 2001, two airplanes hijacked by terrorists crashed into World Trade Center Building One and Building Two and the two buildings were collapsed in New York. Meanwhile, another hijacked airplane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington.

9/11 Incident is the most severe terrorist attack in the United States. The number of casualties is nearly 3,000. The economic loss is about 0.2 trillion dollars to the United States and the 1 trillion to the whole world.

This incident has a profound psychological impact on the citizens in the United States. People are worried about the social safety and the sense of security on politics and economy are all weakened.

Risks have three basic elements: loss, significance and uncertainty. Through the research by Chauncey Starr, he used the methodology of revealed preference and proposed that the balance between acceptable risks and benefits is based on the basis of attempts and errors.

Firstly, the social risk is a concept of psychology and also a phenomenon of societal construction. Risk in essence is subjective and based on the perception of human beings. 9/11 incident has made the citizens of the United States aware of the potential risk and the concept of social security is much stronger after the incident. Therefore, risk is a subjective attitude and the attitude will influence the behaviors of people.

Secondly, dangerous incidents have made the classification of risks and dangers more clear. Before 9/11 incident, the dangerous level of terrorist attacks is not very clear. And the concept of terrorist attacks is opaque. People don’t know terrorist attacks could make such huge casualties and economic losses. After the incident, the classification of terrorist is very clear in people’s mind. Some risks are very clear because people have witnessed the outcome of these risks and people will be cautious about these risks.

Thirdly, through attempts and errors, the concept of risks is formed, so people could change their behaviors and formulate more regulations to avoid these errors in the future. To some extent, there were a lot of mistakes and errors and this tragedy could be avoided. After the incident, the government has strengthened the security work and put more labor and equipment to ensure such attacks not happened again.

Fourthly, rule of thumb is very important in the societal safety and the psychometric paradigm is often used to measure this rule. Perception of risks between ordinary people and specialists is very different, so the attitudes and behaviors. For 9/11 incident, the risk of terrorist attacks is familiar with the security specialists, but the ordinary people are not familiar with the risk. Therefore, it is surprised for ordinary people to witness the attack and they have no experience to handle it.

Last but not least, According to Starr, the evaluation of technical approaches to solving societal problems customarily involves consideration of relationship between potential technical performance and the required investment of societal resources. Therefore, technologies are developed by leaps and bounds and the concept of risks should also be developed. Meanwhile, related security equipment and staff should also be allocated.

Reference

Social benefit versus technological risk, Chauncey Starr.

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