低碳经济下的服务性行业思考--悉尼Essay代写范文

悉尼Essay代写范文:“低碳经济下的服务性行业思考”，这篇论文主要描述的是随着全球人口的不断增加，经济增长的同时也加剧了全球气候变暖的问题，环境污染破坏了全球现有的生态平衡，在《京都议定书》中已经非常的明确了气候问题的研究项目，全体成员国都需要参加强制性的减排指标，明确各自对于环境保护的责任。

As the global population continues to grow, and economies of scale, greenhouse gases caused by global warming issue has become human survival and development challenges. As a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide emissions can be isolated or reduction by technical means, therefore, the international greenhouse gas emissions is an important way to cut greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction targets associated with it. Low-carbon economy is under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, through technical innovation, system innovation, industrial restructuring, new energy development and other means to minimize the consumption of coal, oil and other high-carbon energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve economic and social development and ecological environmental win-win economic development patterns.

First, the international background of a low carbon economy

"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" under the "Kyoto Protocol" is allocated to the Member States history a mandatory reduction targets for international legal documents, and the "Copenhagen Accord" on member states do not have laws to reduce emissions binding, but the next step for countries to carry out global climate change provides a starting point for negotiations. United States as the world's attention, both positions, attitudes will have a future international framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions play a key role in the formation.

United States currently participate in the international convention on climate change will not be very likely. On the one hand the U.S. domestic carbon emissions reduction requires not only technically quantitative indicators to clarify its effect, but also from an economic cost-benefit analysis. According to the U.S. in 1997 of the "Bird - Hagel resolution," the U.S. should not sign no clear responsibility for each participating country corresponding climate agreement, and requires administrative departments of any climate policy should provide economic rationality analysis to ensure future Fee income is higher than the current period. Therefore, the majority of Americans believe that now not necessary to take measures to address climate change; hand, even if the United States participated in the international convention on climate change, greenhouse gas emissions trading for also faces a dilemma: Failure to take trade measures to cut the cost of emissions in developed countries becomes too high; Where trading approach taken to cut quotas may not be shared with parties generally agree, and thus can not obtain U.S. domestic public political support. Therefore, the Copenhagen conference, the United States in order to prevent countries on greenhouse gas emissions their own ways, to 2018 if the proposed multi-party agreement is not reached on the U.S. domestic climate policy the U.S. can unilaterally adjust tariff policy, carbon tariffs of its possible options. Because in the absence of concerted action to cut greenhouse gases in international policy, the United States believes the competitiveness of domestic enterprises will be subject to domestic climate policy with other countries' carbon leakage "effect. To protect its domestic enterprises due to severe domestic climate policy led to capital-intensive industries less competitive, it will come from other countries (especially China) to increase greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive impose carbon tariffs on imports. Unless greenhouse gas emission reductions equivalent to or higher than the U.S., or is not recognized by the United States developed, or greenhouse gas emissions of less than 0.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions, goods imported into the U.S. will need to purchase emission quotas to ensure that its domestic industry The employment rate, competition and development. Therefore, the purpose of carbon tariffs to protect its domestic industry's competitiveness.

Chinese demand for imported western production of carbon-intensive products provider, should the United States as a consumer product manufacturing process produces carbon emissions responsible for, and should not be the burden of developing countries exports of these products. The two countries selected on the basis of different standards and will inevitably lead to further deterioration of Sino-US relations, carbon tariffs would completely disrupt the Sino-US trade relationship, which is detrimental to both sides.

In the future global collective action to obtain the right to speak, but also the spirit of responsible attitude to all mankind, Chinese voluntary emission reduction measures implemented, adopted a low-carbon economy strategy. Low-carbon economy based on low energy consumption, low pollution, low-emission-based economic model, in essence, to solve to improve energy efficiency and clean energy structural problems. Technical substitution depends on the alternative energy inputs of capital and technology transfer as well as the difficulty level of the cost of low-carbon emission technologies. But if there is no unanimous approval, execution, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the framework agreement, the new low-carbon technology market can not become developed, society will be locked in a centralized system of large-scale use of oil, it is difficult to fundamentally change the world Greenhouse gases change issues.

Second, the international emissions trading market for environmental services platform to build.

The results of the Copenhagen conference also includes a number of "positive factors", such as on the establishment of a new climate fund agency terms, the parties agreed that developing countries need to improve the climate massive funds to protect its forests, gradually embarked on the development of low-carbon road. That there is a positive probability that the global greenhouse gas emissions along the "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," laying the carbon trade route in progress.

Internationally in the 1970s began to market-based environmental practice is a means of introducing economic incentives to protect the ecological environment, its historical trajectory follow the "avoid", "ease", "compensation" development order. "Avoid" by not develop or develop alternative ways to prevent or limit the development of negative environmental impacts. If you avoid the socio-economic viable manner, then the "mitigation" measures to minimize possible to eliminate the environmental impact of the development process, but it does not fundamentally solve the contradiction between environment and development. For already caused ecological damage and prevention will have to use "compensation" mode. In the course of the practice of States, insufficient investment, design mismanagement, developers do not fully comply with the conditions, compliance oversight authorities and other reasons, the natural ecological compensation is not achieved relatively good ecological protection. The key is that these ecological protection techniques and methods to explore the implementation process difficult to solve social problems, therefore, some guarantees, deposit, credit and other economic incentives to compensate for the natural ecological compensation applied to the implementation. Subsequently various national governments, international development organizations also carried out using economic incentives to protect natural ecosystems attempts were made a number of related concepts, including: international ecological environmental services, environmental services market, environmental services and environmental services compensation compensation.

International environmental services market is based on the environmental services provided by the natural environment of different services from different areas, based on different ways to give their compensation. These environmental services from the implementation of the ecological environment of service areas are divided into four categories: watershed protection, carbon sequestration, landscape and biodiversity services. Large project plans are often driven by governments, but also have a large project rules under the control of the ecological environmental services markets, such as the Kyoto Protocol on climate change under the framework of the carbon markets. Environmental services market covers a multi-stakeholder involvement, choice and a certain degree of competition, is a traditional market in the field of environmental services to create and expand, there should be a clear commodity exchange transfers. Domestic environmental services such as the U.S. one direct trade settlement transactions; international transactions, including Costa Rica FONAFIFO ecosystem services pay. But this sense of the market for environmental services (between developed and developing countries in addition to carbon markets) exist only in a few countries. Environmental service markets in developing countries and this standard gap. Tend to be a provider of environmental services supplied cross products. Such as: carbon sequestration services for protection of natural forests, they also provide a watershed, biodiversity conservation and landscape services. In addition to the environmental services market in developing countries in addition to the general sense of the market mechanism is inadequate, but also because the spatial characteristics of ecosystem services limits the supply-side competition, the existing examples are a buyer and a seller of bilateral agreements, namely not freedom, equality and sense of the market, when the market mechanism when transaction costs are too high, multi-seller and the buyer does not participate in them.

Third, the low-carbon economy and environmental services market strategy selection

Low-carbon economy and environmental services market in reducing the emission reduction targets to achieve cost inherent consistency. First, high-carbon alternative technologies that affect greenhouse gas emissions cost-cutting is one important factor. Carbon efficient low-carbon economy through technological innovation to improve energy efficiency, low-carbon fuels, the use of low-power technology to improve the efficiency of energy consumption per unit of output, reducing the carbon content of goods production, increase forest cover for carbon isolation purification, to achieve the fundamental purpose of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, in the framework of the Clean Development Mechanism, the transfer of low-carbon and efficient technologies will make exporting profitable, while achieving low-cost emission reductions. Finally, as tax cuts in greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas emissions trading means international markets for environmental services is a means of reducing costs, while also encouraging the existing low-carbon technologies and the diffusion of new technology development and application. These economic incentives for the emissions of greenhouse gases to form a market price, the economic organization will conduct a variety of ways to pursue low-cost options. Consumers will be affected by the policy of price signals, select low-carbon fuels, the use of low-power high-efficiency technology, the use of cutting greenhouse gas emissions specific technology. Such as the EU plans to implement climate change projects and carbon trading, carbon dioxide emissions through international trade could make the United States decreased by 30% to 50% of the cost of emissions reductions. However, to enforce reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, although the technical means of control can also be achieved reduction targets, but the transaction costs to be higher than the corresponding market many ways. For domestic purposes, the Government, as an alternative form of market forces do not always achieve their goals, such as California legislature demanding enterprise carbon dioxide emissions.

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