从技术转移周期看跨国公司对外经济战略--新西兰essay代写范文

新西兰essay代写范文:“从技术转移周期看跨国公司对外经济战略”，这篇论文主要描述的是产品的生命周期主要分为四个部分，产品创新阶段、创新型国家出口、模仿国家开始模仿阶段、创新国家失去优势。技术转移主要是因为经济的缘故，输出国可以获得直接的经济效益，输入国可以获得先进的技术，在现有技术的基础上进行穿心，为自己带来经济效益，也增加了自己在国家市场中的竞争力。

First, the transfer of technology product life cycle theory

Technology transfer is generated due to economic reasons, for production processes, procedures and methods of system knowledge in international transfers. For technology importing country, the introduction of technology can bring economic role in promoting the introduction of technology companies to bring economic benefits, while the introduction of technology will make changes in the industrial structure, thereby enhancing the introduction of technology companies in the international market competitiveness. From a technical point of view, the exporter, but also outdated technology transfer will extend the life cycle of a technology means technology transfer will also bring economic benefits. Overall, a national economies and enterprises to introduce technologies fundamental reason is that driven by economic interests.

From the perspective of technology transfer, international trade in the product life cycle consists of four stages, as shown below:

The first phase, the phase of product innovation in the figure is expressed as T0-T1. At this stage, the innovator product was invented or created and started innovative domestic production and consumption, production continues to increase, the production capacity continues to expand. This stage, innovative production in the country exclusively for their own consumption. When production exceeds consumption innovative country, that country at T1, started exporting this kind of innovative new products.

The second phase, that innovative country's exports, the country began to imitate the consumer stage of the new product in the figure is expressed as T1-T2. At this stage, innovative production in the country in addition to meet domestic consumption, but also export to other countries, to imitate the country is recognized by the product, and start spending. With innovative country's manufacturers for new products and market dominance, they were able to obtain monopoly profits abroad. In T2, innovative country to export its peak.

The third stage, the imitation countries began to imitate the production of the stage, indicated as T2-T3. At this stage, this innovative technology has matured, the production process standardization, manufacturers began to imitate imitate country produce the product, and the self-supply of consumption, innovative country's exports declined. To T3, the innovative country's exports to zero, to imitate the country began to stop imports of this product.

The fourth stage, that mimic the country's products to enter the Chinese market innovation stage, as shown in the figure after T3. The stage, imitating the country due to the size advantage, or other comparative advantages, the rapid expansion of production and began to export low-cost, innovative country in the production of this product has lost its comparative advantage, production gradually decreased, began importing the products to meet domestic consumption .

In practice, innovation and imitation States to begin exporting countries began spending may exist between the horizontal distance depends mainly on the income gap between the two countries. In addition, the imitation of other countries exporting country may Xianxiang before exporting country to innovation, and thus innovation and imitation country's exports to 0 countries began exports may exist between the time gap.

After the end of four stages so that the product that is innovative country completed their life cycle, with the comparative advantage of the dynamic shift, then in imitation of their own country and make a new beginning of the cycle, extending the life cycle of the process, the products as far as possible for people to create profits income.

Second, the process of technology transfer cycle

All stages of the product life cycle in accordance with the characteristics of possession advantage of new technologies in general and enterprises in foreign economic strategy, mostly through three stages: new product exports, direct investment and technology transfer in the production of the product.

Has the advantages of new technology companies, the first step is always to export earnings, has exclusive nature of the market; when the export market began production of the product, the company can take advantage of the host country's resources direct investment earnings; maximize profits when the host production decline in output technology companies can gain. Needs of different countries and resources between different needs at different stages of development of different relations and resources, such techniques will produce flow.

Third, multinational foreign economic strategy and compromise theory of international production

In today's international economic conditions, are mostly multinational companies follow the above cycle process to handle exports, direct investment and technology transfer in order to reap maximum benefits and achieve revenue maximization.

However, since most of the developing countries to protect domestic industries from the right perspective, for foreign products to enter the domestic market has a certain set of obstacles; if innovative technology directly transferred to the importing country, the exporter, the importer manufacturers through comparative advantages such as low cost, will seize the exporting country's share in the international market, and even turn to the exporter exports, output in the country's occupation of the market, so that the interests of the output will be greatly damaged. Therefore, the generation of foreign direct investment of multinational companies eclectic theory of international production.

In 1977, University of Reading, UK professor John Dunning (John Dunning) proposed a "theory of international production compromise" (The Eclectic Theory of International Production), that a business take the form of foreign direct investment conditions in international economic activity, including ownership specific advantage, market internalization and location specific advantage three kinds of advantages. 1 ownership advantages (Ownership Advantages), namely their own unique advantages. It includes the production factor endowments (natural resources, assets and skilled labor) and other tangible advantages, including monopoly business skills, technology patents and other intangible advantages. Corporate tangible and intangible advantages comprehensive advantages, determine the size of the ability of foreign investment enterprises. 2 internalization advantages (Internalization Advantages), an enterprise in order to avoid market impact of the incompleteness of the unique advantages of keeping the enterprise within the enterprise, the market trading relationships into relationships within the enterprise, in-house resources for better configuration to overcome the unfavorable external market conditions for the transaction. 3 locational advantages (Location Advantages), ie, the unique advantage of national investment environment. If the foreign producers than in the domestic production of high profits, foreign direct investment enterprises will.

Ownership specific advantages and market internalization advantages of foreign investment is a necessary condition for multinationals, they do not have to decide on a company through direct investment in international economic activity, and location advantages are multinationals sufficient condition for foreign investment, both combination determines the occurrence of direct investment.

Fourth, the international technology transfer as well as the policy implications of Enlightenment

Technology transfer can accelerate economic development, to technology exports, imports were able to benefit, which is confirmed by the practice of the world economy. In today's international economy, the introduction of technology to developing countries has a more important role, but the process of developing countries in the introduction of technology, we should emphasize the applicability of technology, and the country's economic development goals, and the country's endowment Features technological absorption capacity to adapt, to consider the introduction of combination with digestion, but should also strive to develop autonomous technology to keep up with the world advanced level.

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