爱尔兰经济制度改革--多伦多大学代写essay范文

多伦多大学代写essay范文:“爱尔兰经济制度改革”，这篇论文主要描述的是在竞争日益激烈的市场环境当中，至今还存在着许多低工资的工作，导致许多家庭的生活水平仍然处于贫穷线以下，也是爱尔兰政府不得不对现有的经济制度进行改革，本次的改革主要围绕着薪酬结构进行调整，要保证工资制度变得更加公正，工人们得到合理的薪资。

1.0Introduction

As can be observed from the social experts, the current JLC system, to some degree, cannot satisfy the needs of the workers and bosses, and remembering the economic situation that the country is in (Carrell 2012). Therefore, the reform of the JLC System will promote it to be a more impartial system, which can be improved to reflect the working life in a much practical degree. The purpose of the reform is to make the employment much more stable and provide production for the employees, which will have good effects on the harmonious development of society (Player 2009).

2.0The conditions of payment

2.1The definition of low pay and ‘poor work’

In the modern time with the increasingly rapid competitions, the low payment also exists nowadays, as well as the “poor work”. The low-wage employment suggests that the most commonly used definition of low pay (Gale 2014). The low-pay is a level equivalent to two-thirds of the median wage for all employees in the economy, which has become a standard benchmark following its use in OECD reports as well as the agenda-setting publications from the European Lower group (Hephaestus 2011). Nevertheless, there are also other definitions of low pay appearing in the studies, which have been employed to monitor the low-wage work in different countries (Gale 2014).

The poor work can be defined as the hourly wage rates of the work are so low that even if the work has been paid efforts of a whole day or a whole year, the money earned in a year would be still under the line of poverty for a family with four members (Gale 2014). As has been researched by the special institutions on the wage system, the wage rate of 2011 is similar to the wage rate of 2008 (Thai 2014). Among the workers, there are over 38 million people aged 16 to 64 earning a low wage in 2001. Between the year of 2001 and 2003, the employees who once earned a low wage gently obtained jobs with satisfying payment, which is a positive phenomenon. However, this is only a small part, because most of the works who once earned low wages still work in the same situation or even do not have a job (Thai 2014).

2.2The determination of payment

There are many factors that influence and determine the payment. The first factor is the manager and the market. As well known to all, the HR manager has the right to determine the pay of the employee by evaluating the ability of the worker according to the payment criteria of the company and the law of the country. In the context of the glorious market of a working field, the pay will be added (Strahan 1999). Otherwise, the pay will be suffering a reduction, which is unpleasant to the employees. The second important element is the collective bargaining, which have several features, such as the strength of coverage, the degree of formal or informal coordination, degree of centralization of bargaining level, the strength of trade unions and the wage equity principles (including gender equity) of trade unions (Carrell 2009). The multi-employer bargaining can “take wages out of competition”. Also, the inclusive industrial relations systems can integrate new firms and new workforce groups will contribute to protect against fragmentation (Carrell 2012). Therefore, the strong trade unions can foster solidaristic wage policy, spreading gains from productive sectors to non-productive sectors. Third, the law of minimum wage is a tool which can be employed to redistribute the income and improve the pay of low-wage workers, becoming an increasingly acceptable policy intervention (Andrews 2012). This has reflected the effects of the legal regulation, which plays an essential role in the improvement of the pay system, for the implementation of the law and the legal regulation can be protected by the power of the country, which can promote most sensible companies or producers to follow (Andrews 2012).

3.0The JLC system

3.1 The general introduction of JLC system

A Joint Labour Committee (JLC) is an institution, which has been established by a statutory order of the Labour Court and which is independent under the Industrial Relations Act 1946 to some degree. The constitute of it can be described as the equal numbers of employer and worker who are on the behalf of their part of people and appointed by the Labour Court (Thompson 2006). The main aim of JLCs is to improve the employment situations and stipulate a minimum payment rate for employees in a given employment field (Player 2009). The JLCs have made some agreements to cover some employments in the past (Player 2009). However, the powers that have been delegated by the legislation relating to the payment and situations of the JLCs are stipulated to be unconstitutional by the High Court on July, 2011.

Previously some rules of employments were included in the agreements which have been formulated by JLCs (Rassas 2010). On 7 July 2011, the High Court formulated that the powers that have been delegated by the legislation relating to the payment and situations of the JLCs were unconstitutional. Following the High Court decision Employment Regulation Orders will terminate to have the effects of law from 7 July 2011. At present, the JLCs is facing the reform trend, which will be discussed in the following paragraph (Corthesy 2014).

3.2 The controversial conditions of JLC system

As the JLC system has been claimed to be unconstitutional by the High Court, causing fears that the employees with low payment would lose the former protections and would face the reducing pay and employment situations, it will face a reform inevitably, which will offer a great chance for the improvement of employments in the near future (Rassas 2010). Although, in January 2014, several Statutory Instruments have provide the recommendations of the JLCs with statutory effects, reducing the overall number of JLCs and amending the scope of other JLCs, the JLCs have not yet agreed Employment Regulation Orders (Thompson 2006).

The review of the Labour Court has recommended some kind of reforms, which have been carried out to solve the problems exiting in the JLC system (Thompson 2006). According to the report of Minister Bruton, it is needed to reform the JLC system, for the reform may enable the system to be much more impartial to alter the economic situations and to provide support for the creation of jobs, which will contribute to the development of the country in the long run (Corson 2013).

Groups, who are on behalf of the bosses, have expressed that work, companies, and creative sub-committee that the JLCs structure is unjust and out of date (Bieler 2010). In the standpoint of them, the JLC structure can not ensure the sustainability of employment and the costs of labour account for 60% of costs for the business of retailing and hospitality, which promotes the reform of the JLC system.

The controversial conditions of JLC system have to be handled by the reform, which will be a big choice for the JLCs, benefiting the whole development of the economy and the society.

3.3The JLC system on restricted terms

In the 2012 Act, the government keeps JLCs, which will exist on restricted terms. The constitutionality of was JLCs successfully challenged in the courts by employers, prompting a restructuring to make the system legally sound (Bieler 2010). Minister Bruton announced that under that restructuring, he will abolish the JLCs for Dublin hotels and law clerks. He determines to narrow the scope of JLCs governing sectors including agriculture, hairdressing, retail grocery and so on. The restructuring would improve Ireland's competitiveness by enhancing the flexible wage system, which can also ensure the protection of vulnerable workers.

Therefore, the JLCs will face a big reform, especially the structure of it, which will improve the efficiency of the system, contributing to the sound development of the society and economy in the long run (Bieler 2010).

4.0The discussion of Duffy Walsh combined with evaluation of what Minister Bruton did in the 2012 Act.

4.1 The JLCs should be retained in the opinion of Duffy Walsh

In the view of Duffy Walsh, the elementary structure of the current JLC regulatory system should be maintained, for they are satsfied with the fact that the system requests overall reform in order to promote it to be much more impartial and more explicit to alter the economic situations and employment situations.. The reform of the structure of the JLC system can contribute to creating one within which much more pleasing efficiencies and inevitable adaptations in payroll costs can come true in the influenced fields (Kleene 2010).

As far as they concerned, a gorgeous structure in which collective bargaining in its full meaning can happen would probably offer a much wonderful methods of deciding payment and situations and should be offered encourage to be adopted as an replacement to the current JLC system (Carrell 2009).

4.2 The JLCs should still set rates for Sunday working which is disagreed by Bruton

Despite the objections of the employers, Duffy Walsh recommended that JLCs should still set rates for Sunday working. The overtime working cases are common in modern time, which should be payable. Many individual employers and their organizations are not satisfied with the requests to offer premium rates of payment for working on Sundays to a great degree. However, the responsibility to provide a peculiar provision for working on Sundays in the pay of those who work that day is obtained from the Organization of Working Time Act 1997 and is independent from any provision in an ERO. 

However, Bruton disagreed with this recommendation, but the peculiar status of working on Sundays will be recognized as before. In the opinion of Bruton, it is not necessary to set a special rate for the Sunday working. The legislation will give JLCs the right to stipulate adult rate of hourly pay in a basic way for the special industrial fields which they are employed in, with two extra higher rates according to a person’s service time and the techniques employed in their work.

4.3 The employers who made a collective agreement with a union would be exempt from JLC rates, which is dropped by Bruton

In the opinion of Duffy Walsh, the collective agreements with a union have been freely negotiated between parties (Schaffner 2010). Therefore, the agreement should be applied to the JLC system. The industrial relations collective agreements are not includes in the law with a normal way. However, Bruton has dropped this idea and he takes other measures to improve the JLC system. Bruton decides to improve the JLC system by legislation to allow the JLCs to stipulate an elementary hourly pay for the adult rate in special industrial fields, with two extra higher rates according to a person’s time of service and the techniques employed in the work, which will apply to the collective agreements made with the union as well (Schaffner 2010).

4.4 The employers only be allowed to derogate from EROs in exceptional circumstances in the opinion of Duffy Walsh, which is made easier by Bruton

Fortunately, this circumstance has been made easier by Minister Bruton. The new act has ruled that the reason why some organizations try to exempt from paying the rates of ERO and REA is that they are suffering from some unpleasant problems concerning finance, which can help the company to get through difficult times and protect the employment of the workers in return. This measure can benefit the sound development of the economy and the society in the near future (Marsden 2010).

5.0 The economic perspective adopted by Bruton in light of the changes made in the 2012 Act

The 2012 Act has been made some changes, which has become the reference of Minister Bruton to employ on the economic perspective. The reform of the JLC system is necessary, which can enable the system to become much more impartial and more explicit to alter the economic situations and provide support for the creation of jobs. The Act can provide a more appropriate framework for the workers who are on behalf of their part to take participate in the discussion of terms and situations of employees in the respective sectors of themselves in an active and voluntary way. When the employee representatives attend the discussion, many practical problems can be put forward, which can reflect the current situation where the workers are in. Thus, the problems can be paid much more attention by leaders, which will have more hope to be solved and enable employees to live a happy life.

Under such circumstances, the economy of the country will be offered great conditions. Thus, the economy of the country will develop with a much quicker and sound space and bring benefit to the people of the country in the long run.

6.0Conclusion

In the above paper, the JLC system has been explained in detail, which can offer people a much clearer recognition to the common people who do not know anything about JLC system. The reform of the JLC system is very necessary, which can lead to a better condition for the workers in the modern time (Keynes 2008).

In the reform process of the JLC, the government and some political experts have attended the discussion of the reform, which should be paid much attention to. The new legislation has assessed many aspects of the country, which can be much effective than the former one, for the investigation is much more general (Robertson 2012). The report of Duffy Walsh has great significance on the reform of the JLC system, and Minister Bruton has taken measures with reference to the report. The opinions of Duffy e and Minister Bruton have some differences, but they have the same aim, which lies in promoting the development of the economy and the society.

The union recognition and collective bargaining have become more and more widening nowadays . The reform of the JLC system will contribute to improving the living level of common people and protect the basic rights of the employees by the detailed rules, which can provide sound conditions to the wonderful future of the world (Robertson 2012).

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