Political institutions in the public sphere for personal profit--美国Essay代写范文

美国Essay代写范文:“Political institutions in the public sphere for personal profit”，这篇论文主要描述的是在西方的国家中有的人认为在公共领域中的政治机构是部分人为了实现自身利益的工具，那么这种观点是正确还是错误呢？本文通过对约翰洛克在其书籍中的观点来进行研究，认为政府是为了公民的利益而存在，如果公民的利益得到损失，那么公民会通过选举的方式来选择另一个机构来作为公共领域的服务机构。

In western country， there is a common perspective that the public realm such as the state and political institution is the tool of some individualism which they serve for the interests of the individualism. This kind of perspective has its own proofs and reasons to some extent, but things may be a little bit different in the real life.

In the book Second Treatise of Government, John Locke suggested that every one is born equal, we have the same rights and share the same interests, no one can grab it, but as the number of people is growing in a certain group, things became a little difficult, so a certain organization is expected to establish to ensure that all the members’ right are protected, political institution born. As it is established to serve for the citizens, it has to protect the citizens’ rights and interests. Locke thought that what the government do have to obey the citizens and benefit the citizens, if what they do let the citizens down, they will get them out and choose another group of politicians to serve for them. From what Locke said, one thing is clear that in the public realm, the political institutions are serving for all the group members not only for some certain individualism. (John Locke, 2009)

Looking back on western history, some famous cases can be taken as examples to show its reasonability.

One of the most important issues that must take into consideration is that Obama established some effective policies to serve for the Americans during the financial crisis in 2008. In the presidential election, Obama had established a series of policies to ensure the American’s profits and to help the whole nation to get through the great financial crisis. First of all, what Obama have done on economy is about the tax policy. Obama found that the gap between rich and poor is deep, so in the process of debating, he showed a clear attitude that he would cut down taxes for those whose annual income is fewer than 250 thousand dollars each year. That is to say, nearly 95 percent of American family will benefit from it. Those who benefits from this kind of policy are mainly middle classes; direct beneficial owners are workers, the older people and a large number of the unemployed. Also, Obama stated that he would use 750 hundred billion to spur economic growth. But to those whose annual income is more than 250 thousand dollars each year, things are a little bit different: they are facing a rise on tax pay. So according to Obama’s promise on the presidential election and statistics from tax policy center in Washington.D.C, the richest American people would newly increase nearly 90 thousand dollars taxes while the fewer income families would cut 567 dollars taxes. Also, Obama had put forward that he would create new chances of employment and companies who offer jobs to the unemployed will get permission on cutting taxes. He also called for the United States Federal Reserve and the ministry of finance to offer financial aids to state governments. Apart from economic policies, Obama had also established some items on environment. His environmental policy is to reuse renewable energy; also, he hoped to improve industry by raise the utilization of energy especially that of oil. His policy on environment would bring more investment from foreign countries and economy would see a recovery. (New York Times， October 13. 2008)

From Obama’s policies, it can be seen that all his effort is to make the middle classes in the America get benefit and avoid suffering loss; his aim is to make his citizens and the whole nation get through this crisis quickly. Actually the Americans see hope and confidence in his policies and they get benefits to some extent. Though promises made during the election may not all be realized, its main purpose and target is helpful and beneficial to the Americans.

While there are successful examples to prove that the political institutions are serving for the whole nations and every citizen is getting profits from it, there are also cases that the institutions or the state governments just serve for some certain individualism. The essence of the capitalism is monopoly, that is to say, though serving for all the citizens, the government has to take effective measures to make profit for some consortium, because they have to get financial support from those consortium. The capitalism makes changes on policies to ensure its own interests such as welfare policies and using taxes to regulate income distribution. But it does not change the essence of capitalism, so greater class contradictions and two grade differentiations come out. Take another example. Though America is a country focusing on environment, one of its states Texas has severe pollution; it has a large amount of pollution emissions. Because of the Bush family has a strong power; consortiums of the oil are entitled of the rights of a loose environment protection issues, so they can get big profit by cutting the cost on environmental protections. People criticize the environmental protection issues, and the state government had decided to inquire into this problem but it was interrupted because in 1994 Bush was elected state governor of Texas. During this period, Bush had promulgated decrees which give priority to the consortiums of oil to help them get profit, regardless of the environmental protection. Capitalistic countries implement parliamentary system; it seems with freedom and domestic and equality, but behind it, they are controlled by monopoly capitalism with money and then they control the government and its policies, in each presidential element, all kinds of spending are quite high.

It has to be understood and accepted: the government has t o get financial aids to help build and maintain its development; the more you own the economy, the more powerful your rights will become. So governments are supported by big companies. On the opposite, the governments have to take measures to make profits for those who support them. There are inevitably a disadvantage, that is why some people says that political institutions is just an artificial framework designed for the purpose of serving the interests of individuals. Actually, no one can make the entire world like him; also no institution can make all members satisfied. Since the government is trying hard to let us satisfied, we can not criticize too much.

As far as the writer concerned, the political institutions are serving for the citizens, they provide well welfare on insurance, welfare, medical treatments and education for the whole nations, and they take measures to get through difficulties when the situation is not well, behind them, there are some big consortiums here to give them financial supports so that their measures can put on successfully, also the government make profits to the consortiums, they benefit from each other, and that is the fact. The reason why people hold different opinions on this project is that they belong to different classes and have different interest demand. So do not simple make a conclusion that public realm such as the state, political institutions is just an artificial framework designed for the purpose of serving the interests of individuals. Every one benefits from them.

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