The elderly leisure participation and experience--Essay代写范文

Essay代写范文:“The elderly leisure participation and experience”，这篇论文主要描述的是随着社会青年人口的逐渐变老，人口老龄化已经成为另一种趋势，老年人口已经成为了一个备受关注的社会话题，那么如何保障老年人的生活、学习和娱乐方式，本文对此展开了深入的探讨。

Elder population is a common topic in the research area. In the traditional research of the elder population is paid attention to the aging issue. However, this article “older adults’ perceptions and experiences regarding leisure participation” is research on the daily life on the leisure part of aging population, the writer could follow the life of the elder to learn their life and understand with them. In addition, this paper would like to identify the theoretical perspectives explain the relationship between the methodology and the methods used, alterative way of the research methodology and also the ethical issues in the respective of the writer.

1.Identify the theoretical perspectives 确定理论观点

Interviews and observations are the most popular primary data collection methods in interpretivism studies.  Secondary data research is also popular with interpretivism philosophy.

Interpretivism,is also known as the interpretivist involving the interpretation of elements, so explain a study for the benefit of humanity (Ricci, 2015). As a result, "explained the researchers get the reality (or social construction) only through social construction such as language, conscious, Shared meaning, and tools".

Interpretivism is "With idealism philosophy position, used for different methods together, including the social constructivism, phenomenology and hermeneutics; method opposing objectivism that meaning resides in the independent consciousness of the world"

Phenomenology researchis trying to eliminate all represent a judgment or premise in advance. It requires public look at things, not used to the natural world. The challenge is how to describe things, understanding the meaning and essence of intuition and self-reflection. Meaning when creating objects, because it appears in our consciousness, with natural objects: "what appears in consciousness is the absolute reality, it seems that the world is a product of learning".

2.Explain the relationship between the methodology and the methods used 解释所使用的方法和方法之间的关系

Phenomenological research is applied in the research as define in the article.

Methodology is to study how to do research, how to learn, and how to obtain knowledge. In other words, the methodology is about principles guide our research practice. Therefore method explains why we use a specific method or tool in our study. At the same time, the methods of scientific system are to solve problems. Generally considered how to do scientific research, research methods involved in learning, we can use various techniques such as testing research, experiment, investigation and research is very important. These methods have been testing and using correctly, therefore, each has the logic behind. The research methods of target are the correct procedures to find the solution of employment, paving the way for research methods. Methods is the guide and is a science in itself. Phenomenology and the related method can be applied to individual cases or accidentally or deliberately choose samples. And single case study to identify problem that difference and system fault, light or focus on different situation - positive inference is not so easy to make small sample of the participants. Multipleparticipant research reasoning power, which can increase quickly once the recurrence factors started with multiple participants.

The interview method is applied in the research. The research methods of tools, technologies, or process, we used in our study. They may, for example, the pictures of the investigation, interview, sound, or participant observation. What is more? Research methods can be defined as the study of various methods and means, involving the behavior of the experiment, test, investigation, etc. Methods for the problem, as it were, looking for solutions.

Second part

Describe an alternative way 描述另一种方法

Main drawback and interpretivism and subjective nature of the research scope of this method and the big deviation represents. Primary data generated interpretivist research cannot be generalized from the data seriously affect the personal views and values. Therefore, the reliability of data and representative also weakened to some extent.

On the positive side, because use interpretivism, qualitative research in the fields of cross-cultural differences in organization, moral problems, such as leadership and the leadership influence factor analysis can be a great learning level of depth. Mainly through the study of generated data interpretation may be associated with a high level of effectiveness, because in the study of such data is often a trustworthy and honest.

Interpretivism research qualitative main data of the high level of effectiveness, but the low level of reliability and the main data understand in nature(Mortari, 2015).

In this study, there are seven sample sizes. The research weakness is the small sample size. Another method is to use quantitative research methods.

Quantitative research is to observe the number representation and operation for the purpose of description and explanation of these observations reflect the phenomenon(Charlicket.,al, 2015). It is used in a wide variety of natural science and social science, including physics, biology, psychology, sociology, and geology. In addition, quantitative research is essentially to collect numerical data to explain a particular phenomenon, seems to be suitable for immediate answer specific questions using quantitative methods.

There are several types of quantitative research. Investigation and study, for example, it can be divided into the experimental study, and the causal - comparative study. Each type has its own characteristic. Let us in the investigation and study, for example: investigation and study of scientific sampling and questionnaire design is used to measure the accuracy characteristics of population statistics. It attempts to answer the question: "how many people feel a certain way?" And how long they do some kind of behaviour?" Investigations led management compared between groups(Meyer, Mc Cullough, & Berggren, 2016),

The idea is to be regarded as a potential philosophy and world view in two different researchers "paradigm" (also known as "epistemology" or sometimes "hypothesis"). Quantitative point of view is sometimes described as a "realistic" or "positivism", world views and basic qualitative research is considered "subjectivism"(Chen & Tan, 2014).

In the answer of the question such as what factors influencing leisure participation among older persons, the questions could be designed as questionnaires. More participants could be taken part in the research, so that factor could explored with more sample sizes.

As quantitative research, the object is objective, independent of the researchers, some kind of objective existence; In qualitative research, its research object and the close relation between researchers, the object of study by the researchers gave the subjective color, become an organic part of the research process. Quantitative researchers believe that their research object can be like dissecting sparrow is divided into several parts, through the observation of these components can be obtained as a whole. While qualitative researchers believe that the objects of study are inseparable organic whole, and therefore they examine is full and the entire process.

Ethic issues 伦理问题

Many researchers and phenomenological research "problem" is that it generates a lot of notes of the interview, tape recording, essay or other records must be analyzed. Analysis must be chaos; the data will not fall into neat categories and can have many ways to the connection between the different parts of the discussion or observation.

Data is too messy, interview records, unstructured notes or personal messages - the first stage is to read and understand what is, to determine each text topic and the key to the problem. These points - from a small-scale project all the text, or different sample, there are more than 15-20 - may aid of aggregation and organization, or a group of "post-it notes. Result list is used as a set point query text and structure, summarizes their (" this is how the participants said... "). Doesn’t point through this process, need to be added is possible. Between topics in a small-scale project participants may be easily with physical documents, but there are a large number of participants another useful as input data to the database according to the analysis of the title, and use the mail merge facilities to extract and more items. It also makes the data input tied and compared under different title, particularly useful to identify the relationship between the different themes and factors.

This result will be arranged according to the themes and topics and draw the discussion of key participants. The goal here should be faithful participants, and pay attention to the (whenever possible) prejudice inevitably brought about by the editor needs; Have a moral problem distort, distorted or delete discovery provides the integrity of the participants (" betrayal ", according to the Plummer). This part of the report involved some explanations and speculation in deciding how to choose and how to express and order, but its role is largely described rather than explain. These findings can report strong, I usually tend to include direct reference - "language" and a wider range of reference, from participants to illustrate their point of view. Some types of research participants benefit from the case or episode, this does not compromise to provide confidentiality

Phenomenological research situation for individuals to make detailed comments don't allow yourself to direct sum up in the same way sometimes claim that research. The development of the theory of general (i.e., is suitable for the situation is beyond the participants or case studies) from the phenomenological research transparent effectiveness if it is to be made; In particular, the reader should be able to pass from discovery to the theory and observe the researchers has arrived in his or her explanation. This may or may not involve researchers appear "personally" (although this is starting to happen in the thesis, academic papers, sometimes in organization studies, it is still rare in a public report). An important factor of three different is at different points in report.

I met the main problem of phenomenology (or any qualitative) methods in the business or organization environment is people don't know what it is, and look forward to a similar parameters applied quantitative research. Fairly common reviews focus on sample size, it is difficult to overcome people apart from sample is valid, there can be confusion theory sampling method is used to ensure the participants from context propagation, and concern about quantitative reliability and statistical sampling is often the difference between with the context. If the sample size increases A common misconception is that statistics should be reliable results. The second problem is that few customers are willing to debug real interest rates further study participants pay a small amount. They usually want these reasons; there is a larger sample size. Although skilled interviewer can quickly enter the reasonable depth, does this mean that the depth of information.The result is often a compromise, phenomenological approach is used, but the methods used are ideal and contrived more organized. Finally, the phenomenological method is good depth from the surface, making the sound. This is not always comfortable with clients and sponsors, especially when exposed to take - for granted assumptions or questioning the comfortable status quo. Phenomenological method, on the other hand, many companies value the idea can bring granted assumptions, act quickly or challenge.

Conclusion 结论

In conclusion, the research methodology of this article is the phenomenological research and method is interview method. In addition, in the article, sample size is too small; the quantitative research could be applied in the prior data to research. Besides that, the ethic issue could be subjective to the research. In the whole research, the opinions are all collected by the writers, own knowledge and idea.

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