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建立人际资源圈The future of drug therapy---Essay论文范文精选
2016-07-18 来源: 51Due教员组 类别: Essay范文
51Due论文代写平台essay代写范文：The future of drug therapy这篇Essay论文讲述了药物基因组可否进行未来药物治疗。本文提供了两个案例，案例表明基因治疗多态的影响，如果不知道医疗原理可能导致悲剧性的后果，通过这样探索，并因此实现了药物基因组进行治疗的作用。
药物基因组学：未来药物治疗？-Pharmacogenomics:
The future of drug therapy? Drug treatment remains the Mainstay of medicine (this is quoted directly FIX). In certain situations a drug may have life threatening side effects where the patient may have an adverse reaction to the drug itself, or in dire cases where a patient's life is at stake and the drug unexpectedly has no effect. These situations are the reasons to why Pharmacogenomics was established and now offers insight into the aetiological mechanisms.
一个案例研究表示-A case study showed:
“A young pregnant women who underwent a sectio caesariae was given suxomethonium which normally acts as a muscle relaxant n the induction of anaesthesia, she was paralysed for 6 hours after the procedure, making it necessary to give her assisted ventilation by respirator. Blood tests revealed that she suffered from pseudocholinesterase (buturycholinesterase) deficiency” (Fagerlund and Braaten 2001). Our case study exhibits that every person has a different genetic make-up and that The “one size fits all” Jesse J.swen et al. (2007) attitude towards drugs and dosages does not always suffice. Clinical Pharmacogenomics assures this idea of personalised medicine consequently decreasing adverse drug reactions and increasing the safety and efficacy of drug prescription. A recent study (Hess and Cooper 1999) indicated that most variable drug responsiveness is caused by mutations in the genome known as polymorphisms.
The most common mutations found causing genetic variation are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) where there's a single switch in the nucleotide bases; substitution, deletion or insertion. A recent study (SL et al. 2000) indicated that these polymorphisms are to be accountable for 90% of all inter-individual variation. A polymorphic gene can have tragic consequences for a person as a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene alters the mRNA strand which transfers the DNA sequence for the coding of an amino acid and if the correct amino acid is not produced it ultimately leads to the wrong protein being produced. This variation can therefore affect drug safety and efficacy if a protein that is normally a drug target or involved in the drug transport is altered.(Veenstra and Higashi 2000).
Metabolising enzymes are another cause to explore as variations in these genes can result in array of different phenotypes. One important family of enzyme metabolisers are the “cytochrome P450” and account for most of phase 1 metabolism of drugs, in studying this family it gives an insight into some of the causes of adverse drug reactions and steps to take in order to prevent these.
案例研究2-Case study 2 “Codeine is ineffective as an analgesic in 6-7% of a Caucasian population due to homozygosity for non-functional CYP2D6 mutant alleles.CYP2D6 deficient patients will not convert codeine to morphine. Postoperative pain treatment with codeine containing drugs will therefore have limited effect in patients with this trait.” (Fagerlund and Braaten 2001).
This case shows the affect of polymorphisms and if not known to the doctor treating could lead to tragic consequences and therefore implements the role of Pharmacogenomics.
Assesing the cost effectiveness in applying pharmacogenomics to clinical practice. There are two areas in this field in trying to prevent adverse drug reactions. 1 is pharmacogenetics which usually indicates “genetically determined variability in the metabolism of drugs” (fagerlund and Braaten 2001)
The term “Pharmacogenetics” usually indicates
In order to fully understand what the body does to a drug we must have a basic knowledge of what the drug does to the body also; Describe pharmacokinetics and dynamics first as you need to know them in order to study pharmacogenomics.
Describe polymorphisms.
Clinical applications
The Future of pharmacogenomics
Challenges and advantages.
Case study
Ethics and costs
结论-Conclusion
Recombinant DNA techniques rapidly superseded standard methods of protein characterization for genetic analysis during the 1980s, and reports of the molecular characteristics of numerous enzymes, including the P450 (CYP450) enzymes of drugmetabolism, soon appeared in the literature.
51Due原创版权郑重声明：原创范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。
51due为留学生提供最好的作业代写服务，想获取更多Essay代写范文，亲们可以进入主页 www.51due.com 为留学生提供essay代写服务，了解详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ:800020041哟。-lc
药物基因组学：未来药物治疗？-Pharmacogenomics:
The future of drug therapy? Drug treatment remains the Mainstay of medicine (this is quoted directly FIX). In certain situations a drug may have life threatening side effects where the patient may have an adverse reaction to the drug itself, or in dire cases where a patient's life is at stake and the drug unexpectedly has no effect. These situations are the reasons to why Pharmacogenomics was established and now offers insight into the aetiological mechanisms.
一个案例研究表示-A case study showed:
“A young pregnant women who underwent a sectio caesariae was given suxomethonium which normally acts as a muscle relaxant n the induction of anaesthesia, she was paralysed for 6 hours after the procedure, making it necessary to give her assisted ventilation by respirator. Blood tests revealed that she suffered from pseudocholinesterase (buturycholinesterase) deficiency” (Fagerlund and Braaten 2001). Our case study exhibits that every person has a different genetic make-up and that The “one size fits all” Jesse J.swen et al. (2007) attitude towards drugs and dosages does not always suffice. Clinical Pharmacogenomics assures this idea of personalised medicine consequently decreasing adverse drug reactions and increasing the safety and efficacy of drug prescription. A recent study (Hess and Cooper 1999) indicated that most variable drug responsiveness is caused by mutations in the genome known as polymorphisms.
The most common mutations found causing genetic variation are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) where there's a single switch in the nucleotide bases; substitution, deletion or insertion. A recent study (SL et al. 2000) indicated that these polymorphisms are to be accountable for 90% of all inter-individual variation. A polymorphic gene can have tragic consequences for a person as a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene alters the mRNA strand which transfers the DNA sequence for the coding of an amino acid and if the correct amino acid is not produced it ultimately leads to the wrong protein being produced. This variation can therefore affect drug safety and efficacy if a protein that is normally a drug target or involved in the drug transport is altered.(Veenstra and Higashi 2000).
Metabolising enzymes are another cause to explore as variations in these genes can result in array of different phenotypes. One important family of enzyme metabolisers are the “cytochrome P450” and account for most of phase 1 metabolism of drugs, in studying this family it gives an insight into some of the causes of adverse drug reactions and steps to take in order to prevent these.
案例研究2-Case study 2 “Codeine is ineffective as an analgesic in 6-7% of a Caucasian population due to homozygosity for non-functional CYP2D6 mutant alleles.CYP2D6 deficient patients will not convert codeine to morphine. Postoperative pain treatment with codeine containing drugs will therefore have limited effect in patients with this trait.” (Fagerlund and Braaten 2001).
This case shows the affect of polymorphisms and if not known to the doctor treating could lead to tragic consequences and therefore implements the role of Pharmacogenomics.
Assesing the cost effectiveness in applying pharmacogenomics to clinical practice. There are two areas in this field in trying to prevent adverse drug reactions. 1 is pharmacogenetics which usually indicates “genetically determined variability in the metabolism of drugs” (fagerlund and Braaten 2001)
The term “Pharmacogenetics” usually indicates
In order to fully understand what the body does to a drug we must have a basic knowledge of what the drug does to the body also; Describe pharmacokinetics and dynamics first as you need to know them in order to study pharmacogenomics.
Describe polymorphisms.
Clinical applications
The Future of pharmacogenomics
Challenges and advantages.
Case study
Ethics and costs
结论-Conclusion
Recombinant DNA techniques rapidly superseded standard methods of protein characterization for genetic analysis during the 1980s, and reports of the molecular characteristics of numerous enzymes, including the P450 (CYP450) enzymes of drugmetabolism, soon appeared in the literature.
51Due原创版权郑重声明：原创范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。
51due为留学生提供最好的作业代写服务，想获取更多Essay代写范文，亲们可以进入主页 www.51due.com 为留学生提供essay代写服务，了解详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ:800020041哟。-lc
