The case of Behdini-Kurdish and Estonian--论文代写范文精选

在现实情况事情是不同的。约翰的话语让他认为这是报纸作家所写的内容。也就是说约翰的话语似乎来自另一方面的暗示。下面的essay代写范文进行详述。

Introduction
In this paper I look at three sets of data where a metarepresentational use analysis appears to enhance the linguistic analysis. These are the 'aspective' marker da in Behdini Kurdish, the future marker dê in Behdini Kurdish and the so-called 'quotative mood' in Estonian.

Interpretive use and metarepresentation
An utterance gives evidence of mental representations (thoughts) that the communicator intended to convey. In situation B, the thought that John conveys must be a blief of his. In other words: he must believe that what is expressed in the utterance is a true description of a state of affairs. Were it not so, and would John's boss find out, then John would surely loose his job. In other words: John's utterance gives evidence of his thought THE GERMAN ECONOMY IS RECOVERING, which he intends to communicate and which he entertains as a true description of an actual state of 1 affairs.

In situation A, things are different. For one thing, John could easily add 'but I don't believe this.' However, if Mary were to find out later that there was nothing in the newspaper that is about the German economy, then Mary would feel deceived. John's utterance gives evidence of that fact that he entertains a thought which represents the content of what the newspaper writers wrote. In other words: the explicature of John's utterance is a representation of another representation. This is what is called a metarepresentation. Notice two things about this metarepresentation relation: 
-(a) It is based on resemblance, not identity. We can be sure that the article John is metarepresenting is much longer and contains a lot more detailed information. However, there is no requirement that the metarepresentation reproduces the lower order representation: rather, it is based on resemblance in relevant respects. The relevancetheoretic comprehension procedure explains how these indeterminacies are resolved. 
-(b) John's utterance resembles the newspaper article(s) in terms of their content. This means that the lower-order representation shares logical (semantic) properties with the original one. This kind of resemblance is called interpretive resemblance. If utterances are used to be relevant in virtue of resembling another representation in terms of interpretive resemblance, then we say that the utterance is used interpretively, or that it is a case of interpretive use. Wilson (2000) points out that metarepresentation may exploit resemblances of virtually any kind of features and is not limited to the exploitation of interpretive resemblance. Thus, what has been called 'interpretive use' in the (early) relevance-theory literature is a sub-type of what might be called the 'metarepresentational use' of utterances. In this paper I am mostly concerned with metarepresentation based on interpretive resemblance, so I do continue to use the term 'interpretive use.'

It seems that in (2a.) the speaker describes a state of affairs in a non-factual world whereas in (2b.) he represents a state of affairs with a complex internal temporal structure. In other words, the first use of 'da' seems to require a modal analysis and the second one an analysis in terms of (verbal) aspect. On such an account, the homonymy of the forms involved would be accidental. However, I suggest that there is another way of looking at these examples that makes a unified account possible. 3 I suggest that the speaker of both (2a.) and (2b.) does not intend to refer to a specific state of affairs at all - because there just isn't one identifiable instance of such a state of affairs. If the inhabitants of a village used to grow wheat, it will have been done over a considerable span of time, possibly several generations, and this will have involved many activities of planting and sowing in a yearly rythm. It's not just one or two instances of sowing wheat and therefore it may not be relevant to treat this as one event with a complex internal temporal structure. Likewise, if the speaker of (2b.) has been prevented by the rain to sow wheat then there just is no state of affairs to refer to. However, in both cases it is possible to think about events that would make the thought We grow wheat (or They grow wheat, respectively) true - events that are possible in the sense that the world might have been otherwise (in 2a), or events that instatiate just a part of the total state of affairs to give an idea of it (in 2b). This means that the speaker of both (2a) and (2b) requires the addressee to think about a possible thought.

If there is an explicit matrix clause, the matrix verb can be taken to indicate the intended higher-level explicature. If the matrix verb were not a verb of speech act, perception or propositional attitude, it could not be interpreted as contributing to the intended higher-level explicature and the processing effort involved to satisfy the constraint encoded in the -vat form would be too high. When there is no overt matrix clause, the higher-level explicature has to be completely inferred. A simple enrichment of the form 'the speaker has said that P' will not do; for then the processing effort demanded by the procedural element would not be rewarded, for there is a more economic way to express this: by using the indicative. Hence, a more elaborate higher-level explicature will be called for. A description such as 'someone other than the speaker said/believed/assumed that P' satisfies this condition and does not incur unreasonable processing effort. This higher-level 14 explicature is then likely to give rise to additional cognitive effects: the speaker doesn't know the truth value of P, the speaker doesn't want to commit himself to P, the speaker has doubts about P, etc.

Conclusion 
The main points illustrated in this paper and suggestions for further discussion were the following: 1. There are meaning categories on the borderline between mood and aspect that can find a unified account in terms of metarepresentation of possible thoughts. 2. The expression of future tense may be based on metarepresentation rather than descriptive use. Languages may differ in the way they treat future time. 3. Hearsay indicators - or rather: attributive interpretive use markers - may be used as narrative devices. 4. Narrative 'tenses' or other 'narrative' verb forms may be based on interpretive use cross-linguistically. However, there are different ways in which interpretive use may enter into narration.（essay代写)

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