Theorizing Corruption--论文代写范文精选

本文的目的是提供更广泛的解释腐败的模式，通过一个非常简单的微观模型。根据分析地图,我们使用两个分类:政府(G)和公民(P),政府给出公共服务,和腐败行为的类型将与之有关。在微观情况下,滥用信任,将迫使公民支付更多。下面的essay代写范文将进行详述。

Abstract 
The aim of this paper is to gain the broad explanation of corruption using simple computational model. We elaborated further the model of corruption described previously in Situngkir (2003b), with some additions in model’s properties. We performed hundreds of experiments computationally using Swarm and constructed the explanation of corruption based upon these results. We show that corruption should be understood as complex social-phenomena, which relates not only with economical aspect, but also with many other social and anthropological aspects. 
Keyword: corruption, agent-based modeling, Swarm, dynamic of corruption

Introduction 
Corruption is ubiquitous, especially in the country like Indonesia. This paper contains further elaboration from the one described in Situngkir (2003b) with some additional in model’s properties. The aim of the paper is to present broader explanation on corruption through a very simple micro model. As discussed in Situngkir (2003a) and Situngkir (2003b), according to Gambeta’s analytical map of corruption (2000), we use two categorizations on what we call agents: the government (G) and the citizen (P). The government agent is given trust to manage public services, and the types of corrupt behavior will be related to the interaction between the twos. In micro situation, the abuse of trust given to government agent, G, in her service to citizens, P, will compel citizens to pay more (y) in order to get her rights as it has been stated literally in the law (x), otherwise there will be reduction on what citizens should get. An act of corruption is then defined by the amount of some currency, say b*, received by member of G as compelled by member of G or persuaded by the member of P. This will make members of G abuse the trust they received.

Dynamics of Corruption in CGame – Theorizing Corruption 
We do a lot of simulations by modifying the respective numerical variables and parameters. It should also be noted that the modification we do is based on the structures and structural alternative solutions that frequently used to solve and handle the corruption in practice. Simply, the aim of our experiments is to see how the social system of corruption getting its stable macro-state. We are also interested in analyzing how the particular properties and behaviors at micro (individual) level emerging particular macro properties of corruption on social system. Furthermore, we summarize the social theory of corruption based on the result of simulation, and finding several dominant aspects that affecting the corrupt behavior.

The law enforcement as one of the solution to combat corruption 
In the first simulation, we would like to see how the effect of heavy punishment on the caught corrupt acts. We do this based on the common thinking that corruption could be solved with such shock therapy. The result of our series of experiments is showed in figure 3. Apparently the result of the simulation has proved this proposition. When the jail period is made longer, the average of corrupt action is smaller. In other words, the heavier the given punishment will bring big impact on the reduction of corrupt actions. Here we do simulations with two scenarios: the big punishment to P-Agent and G-Agent distinctly. In the first scenario, the decreasing of the average number of corrupt P-agent has not been followed yet by the decreasing of the average number of corrupt Gagent. The average number of corrupt G-agent did not decrease drastically as the corrupt Pagent decreasing fast. The fact can easily be understood since the lower jail period of Gagent has made the G-agent still choose to corrupt. 

The minimum punishment has made the payoff being corrupt is more tempting than not-to-corrupt. In turn, as we can see in figure 2, with the dominance of corrupt G-agent in the system, the corrupt action still occur in small numbers, even when we performed longer jail period to the corrupt Pagent. This fact shows us that to combat corrupt behavior is not enough merely just by giving the “shock therapy” to corrupt citizens in the form of strict enforcement of law, while in other side there is not enough punishment to the corrupt government. The corrupt government can attract the citizen to do corruption. This also concludes the common thinking that corrupt government will induce the citizens to corrupt.

Concluding remarks 
Corruption is one of the complex phenomena in our social system which should not merely be related with economical aspect, but with many other social and anthropological aspects. In general, corruption is defined as the abusing of authority and power trusted to someone to gain self-benefit solicited by third party pursuing benefit from it. In our model, the process of corruption involves two interacting agents, i.e. the trusted agents and the agents who try to attract trusted agent to abuse the trust. We have built agent-based model of corruption to capture the dynamics of corruption in social system, since the corruption phenomena itself can be seen as the macro-structure that is emerged by simple interaction among individual with particular properties at the micro level. By the computational simulation experiment, we have shown and tested some commonsensical hypothesis about corruption and how to reduce it in society. Here, we see that corruption cannot be seen mono-dimensionally. The root of corruption lies upon many social aspects, including political, economical and cultural aspects. In return, to combat corruption, we should arrange comprehensive strategies which also involving many fields of discourse. Again, it is obvious that corruption is an interdisciplinary of discussion.

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