invent the university

这是一篇描写学生们写作的时候需要注意哪些问题的essay，学生必须学会读,写,说,想的。开始尝试写作的时候，必须学会说一个学术话语(语言),以及组织和处理信息的方式。

  When students try to write, they first have to "invent the university", that is, to learn to speak an academic discourse (language), and its way of organizing and processing information. In addition, liberal arts education should enable the students to learn to try on a variety of voices and interpretive schemes. To do so, the student has to appropriate (or be appropriated by) a specialized discourse and they have to do this as though they were members of the academy and take their audience into consideration.
  The author of the "Clay Model" paper has located himself in a context that is beyond his control over inventing and arranging the text. It is a manifestation of a writer who has lost himself in the discourse of his readers. On the contrary, experienced writers can better imagine how a reader will respond to a text and can transform or restructure what they have to say around a goal shared with a reader.
  The problem of audience awareness is enormously complicated. Experienced writers should “build bridges” between his point of view and his readers. Since the writer has to imagine himself to be equal or more powerful than the reader, that is, he is well aware of the reader's knowledge base and its availability, the writing process somehow changes the relationship between basic writing students and their teachers, so reader awareness is in fact a problem of power. 
  Some class activities teach the students to consider the reader when writing, whereas the essence of academic writing lies in writing with an "academic" readership in mind and imagining the author to be an "insider" and having the power as well as the right to speak. 
  When writing the essay assigned by the teacher, the students have to assume privilege without having any, so their work turns out to be imitation rather than innovation. The beginning students must learn how to read, write, speak and think by and by. It is a pity that the colleges fail to teach the "academic way" of writing to the students doing basic writings.
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