African American language

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- African American language，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国黑人语言。黑人语言，指的是一种具有非裔美国人特征的美式英语方言。黑人语言主要通用于居住在美国南部及其他城市里，教育程度不高，经济收入和社会地位相对较低的黑人和少数白人之间。尽管黑人英语和所谓的标准美国英语不同，但是它并不是一个混乱而且任意变化的语言变体，它在语音和句法等方面的变化都有一定的规律可循。也就是说，黑人英语有着自己的语言体系。

The so-called black language is an American English dialect with African American characteristics. It is mainly used by blacks and minorities living in the southern United States and other cities with low education levels, low economic income and relatively low social status. However, in recent years, American black English has gradually become an important social dialects rather than to simply national dialect, in all sorts of awards ceremony, in the popular rap songs, and of all kinds of movies in Hollywood, TV sets, black English is popular. It is absolutely wrong to discriminate against or exclude black English as inferior English, and there is no basis in linguistics. Black English though and the so-called standard American English is different, but it is not a chaos and any change of language variants, it changes in pronunciation and syntax, etc all have certain rules to follow, in other words, black English has its own language system. So, let's have a preliminary understanding and discussion of black English.

The first black slaves were transported to the United States in 1619, and there was no final word on the origin of black English in the United States. There are two main ideas in the academic world. One is the dialect hypothesis. After the first slaves arrived in the United States, they were sold to work on plantations in the southern states. For the need of communication, they can only learn from white English, but because of the racial discrimination and isolation of white and black could not be equal exchanges, only learned basic syntactic structure and keep a certain differences. Black slaves used learned white English to communicate in their own communities, and when it was passed down from generation to generation, these retained differences were reinforced and eventually became a linguistic variant of English. Another view is the Creole hypothesis, which holds that black English is the result of the change from early Creole to English. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many African slaves who spoke different languages were brought together, and "language contact led to the production of lingua franca." Through communication with each other, different language has had the contact, so he began to borrow from each other between language some language form, eventually evolved a pidgin language can understand each other. This simple pidgin has been creolized since the second and third generations of blacks learned it from their parents as their mother tongue. With the influence of white English rise, "because of the influence of the prestigious language, Creole of Creole" will happen, so the Creole evolving, finally produce the black English. Above the second view's most scholars agreed that, although these two views is different and there is some controversy, but still have to recommend it, and said about the origin of black English, can have yet to draw a conclusion.

In black English, the most common phonetic feature is th, which often sounds like t or d. For example, Thursday sounds like Dursday, while sore looks like dough. In addition, not pronouncing /r/ after vowels is also a phonetic feature of black English. Remember remembah usually happens, but ever can also be evah. Black English is often weakened by the consonants at the end of words, especially in informal situations. For example, in standard American English, the passed will weaken the consonant sound of the end of the word in black English and pronounce it like pas. Desk will also be pronounced as des. Any consonant consonant consonants ending in -st, -sk, and -nd will be weakened in black English. In terms of phonetic differences, the last feature of black English is to put the word stress in front of it, especially in the two-syllable words such as police and motel.

There are many differences between the spelling rules of black English and the standard American English. Some spelling rules have been accepted by most people and have become the national spelling method. The most obvious rule is to change the end of the -er to the end of the -a, as in the case of player. In addition, ks or CKS will also be changed to a single x at the end, and the most common one is that thanks is written as thanx. Re and e, which are usually hard to hear in rapid pronunciation, are also often omitted in black English. For example, the word "more" will be directly omitted as mo. These rules have become almost the norm in black English, while the following rules have become almost universal in the United States. Now, gotta, wanna, outta, kinda and sorta, which have appeared in Hollywood movie dialogues many times, are black English that will change going to, want to, out of, kind of and sort of of of. Removing the g at the back of -ing is already a national spelling rule, such as goin ', nothin 'and so on.

The most obvious syntactic difference between black English and standard American English is generally in the use of the be verb. In the black English, if the action or state is habitual or often happens, will only be used in the sentence, if it is not the case, then be verb is usually omitted. For example, Kathy always be telling lie. In this sentence, "Socks are mine." In addition to being used for habitual events, the verb "Be" can also Be used for future tense in black English. In addition, in the present tense, black English usually omit a verb or directly with be prototype, for example, Daniel really good boy, or Linda be hot girl. In standard American English, respectively, should be Daniel really is a good boy and Linda is a hot girl.

Another obvious syntactic feature of black English is the double negation or even multiple negation. I ain't know nothin 'about it. Double negation can also be traced back to Shakespeare's time in standard English, so multiple negative sentences like Don't nobody say nothin 'after that are definitely original in black English. If the listener is a non-black English speaker or is not familiar with black English, such words are bound to cloud him.

As the main language used by the special group of African Americans, American black English reflects the culture, tradition and long history of slavery and discrimination of African Americans. As the most widely used minority language in American society, and as a highly valued social language in the United States, black English is bound to play an increasingly important role.

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