American college assembly system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American college assembly system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国大学评议会制度。美国大学评议会最早出现在霍普金斯大学。评议会的成立，标志着教师参与治理的具体组织形式的出现。从职能上看，大学评议会是大学立法实施管理、行政和教学等一切重大事务的机构。不过，随着大学规模日益扩大，这种情况逐渐趋向于在评议会之下成立各种专门委员会或任命相关负责人，分别负责有关事务或实施评议会做出的有关决议。

With the development of the college accreditation system in the United States, the strength of the academic team and the professional degree of teachers in American universities have become the main force in the academic management of universities. There are a series of laws and regulations for the establishment, institution setting, personnel composition and operation of functional departments of the academic review council. Generally speaking, the system of teacher evaluation council has been quite mature and has become the institutional guarantee for all teachers to effectively participate in university governance.

In American universities, the academic review council, as the representative of academic authority, determines and manages the overall academic policies of the university. The American college jury ensures the effective control of the academic community over academic affairs and promotes academic progress. On the whole, the college review council system in the United States has been quite mature and has become the institutional guarantee for teachers to effectively participate in university governance.

The word Senate first appeared in ancient Rome, translated as the Senate. The founder of the United States senate took its name from the senate, which means "a senate of resistance... The necessary protection against repetition and passion. ... That is the essence of the United States senate, which the founders of the college assembly envisioned as a stable and deliberative institution that would address university affairs democratically. It can be seen from this that the source of the word "faculty review council" in American universities is actually the transformation of meaning.

In the second half of the 19th century, American research universities achieved great success and were favored by the society. In order to improve their scientific research strength, universities are facing increasingly fierce competition in the academic professional talent market. In order to hire authoritative scholars, universities not only give them full autonomy, but also provide them with the most favorable working conditions. Therefore, university teachers hold the power of academic affairs development, and academic power gradually occupies the core position of the university. This influence is reflected in the establishment and status change of the college assembly in the United States, and is often regarded as another example of the rising power of scholars to control. The vertical functional departments of academic administration in universities have been added, and the democratic management institutions for teachers' participation in management have been gradually improved. Teachers' committees such as the review council and the professors' association have been set up at all levels. These committees have gradually acquired the power to formulate academic policies of universities in the future development. In 1880, the jury of American universities first appeared at Hopkins university. The establishment of the jury marked the emergence of specific organizational forms in which teachers participated in governance. Functionally, the university council is the body that enforces all major affairs such as the administration, administration and teaching of university legislation. However, with increasing the scale of university, school of finance, management, curriculum and assessment of teachers of affairs is increasingly multifarious, such as daily administrative and teaching management in university affairs no longer management directly by the council, but gradually tend to be under the council set up all kinds of special committee or the relevant person in charge of appointment, respectively responsible for the relevant transaction or implementation of the council to make relevant resolutions. The decision-making and executive institutions of the university are gradually separated, independent and complementary to each other. The university council is mainly responsible for university planning, President selection, financial budget, etc., the President and various committees to implement and manage the daily affairs of the university. The university's internal academic affairs, such as recruitment, recruitment of teachers, curriculum setting and awarding of degrees, are decided by the faculty council.

After the 20th century, the American college teacher evaluation system has been further developed. In the 1960s and 1970s, American society experienced civil rights movements, peace movements and demonstrations against government politics. External social factors contributed to the power struggle within the university. Students adopt radical campus movement to improve their status in universities; Teachers further consolidate their power in decision-making by establishing or amending the statutes of the council. At this time, almost all universities, from high-level research universities to general teaching universities and community colleges, set up a jury. In addition, the emergence of collective bargaining and trade union system at this stage has increased the way teachers strive for power and safeguard their rights and interests. Although the student movement was later quelled under political pressure, the power of teachers was consolidated. In 1966, AAUP and other associations issued the joint statement, thus establishing the basic mode of "co-governance" between American colleges and universities. Since then, the executive power system headed by the President and the academic power system represented by the senate have been formed in American universities.

In general, the emergence of college review council not only inherits the academic management tradition of early medieval universities, but also learns from the new academic management ideas and models of German universities, and at the same time promotes the development trend of American universities and inherits the power struggle of teachers. With the development of history, the strength of the academic team and the professionalization of teachers in American universities have been gradually strengthened, and the status and role of the university jury in the academic management of universities have also been continuously improved, and it has become the main force in the academic management of universities.

Based on incomplete statistics of past data, the jury exists in different forms in 80% of colleges and universities in the United States today. The following is an introduction of some major aspects of the college jury system in the United States:

Based on the differences in governance structure and academic operation mode, the jury has different forms of existence in American universities. Its practice in American universities varies greatly from state to state, and its relationship with the administrative department also has its own characteristics. Therefore, the jury cannot be judged uniformly. In general, the review councils of American universities are divided into state-level education department review councils and general university review councils. The former is mainly responsible for the management of education affairs of the state. This Assignment mainly analyzes the latter -- internal review councils of universities. The university council can be divided into four categories according to the different types of universities. The second is the influence type; the third type is ritual; The fourth type is conflict. Different types of councils have different strengths and weaknesses.

The feature of the functional council is "the combination of professors and bureaucracy". "Professors have always been the masters of the teaching field, they are also the masters of the scientific research field, and the professor group has a collective rule over colleges and universities, mainly monopolizing the decision-making power of curriculum, teacher appointment and research methods." In the functional mode, the operation of the council always protects the interests of teachers through the form of representative system. The jury members of this model usually include the dean and other administrative staff. The task of jury is decided by administrative file, by subordinate committee partake, the executive of jury work has formal working procedure and election. In universities, professors not only control the allocation and use of resources, but also have certain personnel rights and play a key role in the university. The functional councils focus on traditional areas of the faculty, such as curriculum, promotion and tenure policies and academic standards, with little impact on non-academic standards matters. To some extent, this kind of review council has limited powers, their responsibilities are limited to administrative advice and consultation, and their main function is to protect the rights and status of teachers.

In the process of governing the university, the influential jury has legitimate power, usually has the traditional electoral mechanism and organizational structure, and has some common points with the functional jury. They also pay attention to the traditional affairs of teachers. In influence councils, "cooperation" replaces "confrontation" between academics and administrators.

In the universities of influence type council, the university governance synthesizes the forms of council control, director management and administrative control. University power is mainly controlled by the board of directors and the jury, which are in charge of administrative power and academic power. The board of directors is mainly responsible for planning funds, making plans and maintaining equipment, and formally approving the appointment of teachers. Therefore, more than half of the members come from all walks of life outside the school. The council has full power to make academic policy in the university. Both are under the overall control and coordination of the university President. The principal is the main contact between the council and council, often play a "head of administration" and "the scholar represents" double Angle of governance process more have a symbolic function, academic power only have decision-making power in general academic affairs, and about some "sensitive areas", such as teachers and financial affairs, the role of teachers in the controversial. In some major strategic and overall affairs, teachers have no final say. The council has a protective function. Whether the general function of the council is effective or not depends not on the stable institutional guarantee, but on how the university administration USES the council and which issues will be submitted for discussion. The "supervisory power" of the council in theory is difficult to play a role in practice. It does not have the power to direct the administration and seldom promotes the alliance of people with the same interests through discussion. The council's balancing influence is more about tinkering with principles than changing them. It may be said that the council makes an opinion, and the choice is in the administration of the university. These relationships suggest that the college board is a system for conveying stress rather than producing and creating it. In this sense, it is a protective means of institutional crisis, not a structure of checks and balances, and it cannot undertake the function of restraining the system. The council functions as a "trash can and refrigerator". "Another potential function of the council is to exist as a structural rubbish bin, and we put the legislation into the council's refrigerator to cool it." The council, which ACTS as a holding ground for administrators to take on issues that are irrelevant but difficult to find solutions, argues that decentralization in governance has affected the influence of principals on decision-making, and USES trash cans to describe the decisions of organizations with vague goals, uncertain technology, and involvement in mobility. Garbage can decision-making focuses on organizational goals, as well as human factors such as participation, motivation, leadership, communication and information channels, which make the idealized rational decision-making process less "idealized", thus revealing its fuzzy side. In addition, the council also has the function of "place of identification" and "individual screening mechanism". From a sense of "place for proof of identity", members of the university generally pay close attention to their own status in university decision-making is more than the content of university decision-making, the existence of "council members to participate in the management of rights is to clarify the teachers", become a member of the council makes teachers have a legal status, and at the same time can prevent teachers in the governance structure and process. In the sense of "individual screening mechanism", "the jury provides a place for individuals to be more easily recognized", "the jury provides a screening mechanism for people with administrative ambitions" and so on.

In general, from the perspective of the development and current situation of the college accreditation system in the United States, the status of the group of scholars has experienced several times of upshift, downshift and upshift. It is not difficult to see that from the tripartite confrontation between harvard scholars, churches and the British royal family at colonial college, to the rise of state universities in the 19th century, local forces gradually penetrated into the field of higher education. In the 1960s, the rise of teachers' unions and collective bargaining was particularly prominent in public universities. Professors demanded higher salaries and benefits, controlled tenure more effectively, and paid more attention to academic promotion, research funding and related professional issues. In the process of gradually integrating into the society, universities are inevitably involved by external forces, and thus form a complex network of relationships among multiple interest subjects. In essence, this process is a process in which the interests of university organizations are continuously differentiated, and it reflects the reintegration of social resources and the structural reconstruction caused by it from a deeper level.

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