The causes of the failure of the British workers charter movement

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The causes of the failure of the British workers charter movement，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国工人宪章运动失败的原因。由于人口增长速度减缓，人口增长重新与经济发展相互适应、相互促进。另外国家政策的转变与调整也为经济的繁荣提供了强劲的动力。在生活水平不断提高，人民政治权力相应扩大的背景下，宪章运动所赖以发生的社会环境改变了。这样，宪章运动就不可避免地渐渐沉寂。宪章运动的失败反映出英国已经适应了工业革命带来的巨大改变并做出了适当的调整，并且消化、吸收了工业革命的成果。

In the first half of the 19th century, three important worker movements broke out successively in capitalist countries. Among them, the British chartist movement is the most influential and representative one. But why did the vigorous chartist movement fail? In the past, scholars' answers to this question were more analyzed from the perspective of politics, often ignoring the impact of economic changes in Britain in this period on this movement.

Then analyze the economic factors of the failure of chartist movement, that is, analyze the economic means to solve the above problems. I think there are mainly three aspects: first, the slowing population growth rate and the surge of overseas immigration have eased the population pressure in the UK, thus alleviating most of the social pressure. Second, the relative increase of workers' income, the relative decrease of their living expenses and the improvement of their working and living conditions have reduced their enthusiasm for participating in the chartist movement. Third, the adjustment of trade policies has made Britain's manufacturing industry more prosperous, thus driving the continuous and rapid growth of the British economy. The adjustment and improvement of public policies have improved the welfare of the British people and alleviated social conflicts. The adjustment of political system caused by economic development expands the scope of democracy to a certain extent.

In an industrial society, population growth and economic development go hand in hand. Population growth, particularly in industrial societies, provides industry with the requisite abundant Labour force, thereby contributing to the development of new industrial sectors. The rise of new industrial sectors drives rapid economic growth, promotes material accumulation and medical care, and further increases the population, thus forming a virtuous circle. But Britain's population grew too fast in the early 19th century for its fair share, and that put pressure on the population. A large surplus of workers keeps wages low, at or close to the poverty line. In 1800, the population of Britain was 10.76 million. By 1830, it was 16.34 million, an annual growth rate of 1.4%. Between 1821 and 1830, the average population growth rate in the United Kingdom reached a staggering 13.7 percent, which declined in the next decade but remained as high as 10.4 percent. The rate of population growth is too fast to exceed a reasonable level. Overpopulation has brought about a decline in wages and employment opportunities, which has aroused the dissatisfaction of the working people and contributed to the outbreak of chartist movement to a certain extent. This was reflected in the second petition of 1842. In the second petition, the issue of "knives and forks", or rice bowls, was raised. It also raised the issue of working class poverty. The rate of population growth in Britain must be slowed down in order to relieve population pressure. Indeed, the rate of population growth in Britain has indeed slowed. In 1860, the population of Britain was 23.13 million, and the annual growth rate decreased to 1.2%. Between 1841 and 1850, the average population growth rate in the United Kingdom was only 2.5 percent, and over the next decade it recovered to 5.5 percent. The British population has lost its amazing growth rate, but the British economy has made rapid progress. In this way, economic growth and population growth have entered a virtuous circle again. Surplus labor force decreases, wages rise accordingly, economic opportunity increases. The problems caused by incongruity were better solved, the dissatisfaction of the working people weakened, and the part of society that created the chartist movement lost its vitality when the social environment changed.

The relative improvement of living standard can be concluded from the fluctuation of income and price and the improvement of living conditions. In the first half of the 19th century, the British textile industry was the most representative industry sector, so it took the British cotton textile workers as the object of study. If the wages of cotton textile workers in 1900 were set at 100, the wages in 1810 would have been 58, and in 1810 they would have fallen to 52, and in 1840 and 1850 they would have averaged 51. It can be seen that the wages of cotton textile workers showed a downward trend, and basically remained at a level in the 20 years after 1831. But things got better after 1850. In the century after 1850, both absolute and per capita GNP increased several times. In this process of growth, wages did not linger at the poverty line or fixed at a level, but closely followed the rise in national output. If the average wage status of 1850-1859 is 100, the average wage status of 1860-1869 is 111, and that of 1870-1879 is 130. Wages are going up relatively.

The relative decline in prices is mainly reflected in the decline in the prices of grain and other common consumer goods. In 1850 to 1859 to 10 years, the average price of bread in London is 8.5 pence, 1880 to 1886 about 6.75 pence. In the period of high prices and wages from 1870 to 1876, it was only 8 pence. By 1887 it had fallen to nearly 5.5 pence. In other food prices, some have gone up like meat, but the price of cured pork has gone down, and the price of sugar and tea has gone down. Overall, food prices have fallen. If the prices of all continuously available general consumer goods, including bread, are taken into account, goods which in 1850 to 1859 were about 17.9 shillings in weight, in 1880 to 1886 they were available at 16.3 shillings. The decline in the price of grain and other common consumer goods is the inevitable result of the development of industrial economy in Britain, among which the development of transportation industry has a positive effect on the decline of commodity prices. The establishment of a nationwide network of efficient transportation means that goods from one region can be sold nationwide at lower prices. The development of the shipping industry has helped Britain's manufactured goods to be sold around the world.

In this way, the improvement of living standards and working conditions has further removed people's dissatisfaction, and more and more people have lost their enthusiasm for the chartist movement.

In terms of national economic policies, there are also inconsistencies that need to be addressed in the UK. With the development of British industry, Britain formed a unique manufacturing industry at that time. Britain's powerful manufacturing industry increasingly needs a wider market and more adequate supply of raw materials, and Britain's conservative economic policies have been unable to adapt to the further development of the new economy. Then, under Sir Robert peel, Britain turned to the free trade policy. Free trade is the free flow of goods and services from country to country without tariffs. Free trade policy is the embodiment of free trade in the national economic policy, which is reflected in the elimination of restrictions and obstacles on the import and export trade and service trade, and the elimination of various privileges and preferential treatment on the import and export trade and service trade of the country, so as to enable the free import and export of goods and the free operation of service trade. In the 19th century, British industry had developed the ability to build a global economic system centering on British industry. With its unparalleled industrial capacity and large trading fleet, Britain dominated the position of the world's factory and formed a trade monopoly. As a result, Britain became a global manufacturer, shipper and importer and exporter. Britain gained a great deal of wealth in the process. Take the textile industry as an example, in 1850, the total value of cotton yarn and cotton textile exports exceeded 18.25 million pounds, to 1870, this number rose to a staggering 71.416 million pounds. These interests have brought great wealth to Britain. The improvement of people's living standards is the inevitable result of the above economic prosperity. The essence of economic prosperity is the comprehensive adoption of the industrial system. When a society enters the stage of industrial economy, the number of its workers engaged in agricultural production tends to decline, which is first reflected in the decline of the number of people engaged in manufacturing and providing services, and then there is an absolute decline. When average incomes are above subsistence levels, spending on food shrinks, while spending on manufactured goods and specialized, personalized services increases. Therefore, an important indicator to measure the real income level enjoyed by citizens of a country is the share of agricultural producers in its total labor force. At the end of the eighteenth century about forty percent of the British labor force was primarily agricultural. In the first half of the 19th century, the proportion of agricultural labor declined steadily and rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. The absolute number of agricultural workers began to decline. In terms of the percentage of the national product of agriculture, this proportion decreased from 40-45% in the middle of the 18th century to 1/3 in the early 19th century. In 1851, it was about 1/5, and in 1881, it was about 1/10. At the same time, political democracy expanded as a result of dramatic economic changes. The 1832 parliamentary reforms reduced the eligibility of voters for property and redistributed constituencies. The total number of voters was less than half a million before 1832, when the bill was passed, an increase of about 50 percent. By 1867, thanks to population growth and currency depreciation, the total number of voters was well over one million. The reform act of 1867 further increased the number of voters in England and wales to two million. The following year, Scotland and Ireland passed the same law, which increased the number of registered voters by 260,000. This act politically reflects the development of urbanization and industrialization during this period. The result was expanded voting rights for the middle class, as well as for handicrafts and most better-off workers. In this way, apart from the failure of the annual reelection of parliament, all the other political issues demanded by the chartist movement were basically resolved and the chartist movement lost its momentum.

To sum up, population growth slows down, and population growth and economic development adapt and promote each other again. The change of national policy and adjust provided powerful motive force for economic prosperity again. Against the background of rising living standards and corresponding expansion of people's political power, the social environment under which chartist movement took place changed. Thus the chartist movement inevitably died down. The failure of chartist movement reflects that Britain has adapted to the great changes brought about by the industrial revolution and made appropriate adjustments. It reflects that Britain assimilated and absorbed the results of the industrial revolution. It reflects that Britain has completed the transformation from industrial economy to industrial economy and embarked on the road of sustainable economic development.

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