Japan's protection policies for infant industries

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Japan's protection policies for infant industries，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论日本幼稚产业的保护政策。幼稚产业一般是指处于发展的初始阶段，但是具有潜在的比较优势，经过一段时间的保护能够成长为带动国民经济发展的新兴产业。日本作为世界工业强国，在发展工业化道路的过程中采用了各种幼稚产业保护政策，使其本国的钢铁、汽车、造船以及电子行业等新兴产业顺利度过了幼稚期，在短时间内赶上了欧美国家的发展水平。日本的幼稚产业保护政策主要表现出在早期保护性关税较高、法律法规完善、企业的支持和加强非关税保护方式。

In 1791, Alexander Hamilton, an American economist and the first Treasury secretary, first proposed the naive industrial protection theory in the report on manufacturing. Friedrich liszt, a 19th century German economist, developed and perfected this theory. In his book "in the national system of political economy", liszt stressed that in a specific stage of economic development, to cultivate developed industries, it is necessary to protect immature industries, and protection of tariffs, domestic competition, science and technology and education are the main ways to protect immature industries and cultivate productivity. Therefore, childish industry generally refers to the emerging industry that is in the initial stage of development, but has potential comparative advantages, and can drive the development of national economy after a period of protection.

As an industrial power in the world, Japan adopted a variety of protection policies for naive industries in the process of developing industrialization, which enabled its domestic emerging industries such as steel, automobile, shipbuilding and electronics industry to successfully pass the naive period and catch up with the development level of European and American countries in a short time.

As one of the important development trends of the automobile industry in the future, new-energy vehicles have been widely concerned by countries all over the world. Among them, Japan, the United States and other developed countries were the first to develop new energy vehicles. Since the 1970s and 1990s, they have repeatedly invested huge sums of money to support the research and development of new energy vehicles. By contrast, China's new energy vehicle industry started late, but the government attaches great importance to it. Under the guidance of continuous policies, China's new energy automobile industry has achieved remarkable results. However, behind the rapid development, China's new energy automobile industry inevitably exists some problems and hidden dangers.

The core technology level of new energy vehicles is still not high. As an emerging industry, technological level must be the biggest reflection of its competitive advantage. In recent years, although China's new energy vehicle technology level has been greatly improved, lithium battery development has been in the international high level, but the core key technology level is still behind the international advanced level.

Excessive reliance on state subsidies is not conducive to the healthy development of enterprises. From 2009 to the end of 2015, the central government allocated 33.435 billion yuan in subsidies for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles. Although the subsidy mechanism for new energy vehicles has been implemented, at least 390 billion yuan will be needed according to the 20% reduction every two years proposed during the 13th five-year plan period.

Although China has become the world's largest market for new energy vehicles, the total market volume is still relatively limited and sales are extremely fragmented. In 2018, a total of 15 new-energy vehicle enterprises received production qualification, and more than 20 new entrants are waiting in line for qualification approval.

After more than ten years of development, China's new energy automobile industry market has begun to take shape, and corresponding industrial policies need to be adjusted. China has entered the second stage of industrial development, from the initial policy leading stage to the combination of policy and market "quasi-market stage". This transition period is crucial for the entire new energy vehicle industry, so we can learn from Japan's past success. In view of the problems in the development and use of policy tools in China's new energy vehicle industry, this study puts forward the following Suggestions.

Juvenile industry protection needs to adapt to the international market and WTO rules. China may learn from Japan and transfer the market access standards and requirements to associations related to the new energy automobile industry, so as to prevent non-compliant enterprises from entering the market and forming a chaotic situation in the industry development. In addition, governments at all levels should pay more attention to compliance issues when formulating policies, and reasonably invoke the WTO provisions on protection of naive industries enjoyed by developing countries to promote the development of domestic industries.

At present, China's industrial policies for new energy vehicles are mainly focused on the new energy vehicles themselves, and most of the subsidy policies are focused on the purchase link. There is little policy support for technology research and development, such as the infrastructure construction of new energy vehicles and the research and development of key parts and components. Japan's industrial policy on new energy vehicles not only focuses on the automobile itself, but also takes into account related infrastructure and industrialization issues.

The most common drawback of industrial protection policies is that enterprises become overly dependent on the government, leading to low industrial competitiveness and becoming "naive industries that don't grow up". Although China's new energy automobile industry is developing well at present, similar problems have appeared. In response to this problem, in February 2018, four ministries and commissions jointly issued the circular on adjusting and improving the fiscal subsidy policies for the promotion and application of new-energy vehicles. Compared with 2017, subsidies are more detailed and technical standards are higher. In addition, the proper introduction of international competition can also guide infant industries to make progress in technology and management.

The breeding and growth of emerging industries are inseparable from the policy support and guidance of a country or region. With the great support of the state to the new energy automobile industry in the past decade, the industry is transitioning from policy-driven stage to market-driven stage. The policies of this period are particularly critical. When formulating industrial policies, the government should consider how to provide a good competitive environment for enterprises while protecting them, how to avoid excessive reliance on government support, how to break through key technologies and narrow the gap with developed countries. Combined with China's specific national conditions and the new energy automotive industry specific market, gives some Suggestions for industrial policy, including the need to adapt to the international market, to adapt to WTO rules, to improve technical level and international competitiveness, as well as the dynamic protection, create good competition environment, such as domestic aims to solve the present technical level of the industry is still not high, excessive dependence on the national support and other issues.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的essay代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多essay代写范文 提供代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。