Factors influencing the development of English language

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Factors influencing the development of English language，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国语言发展的影响因素。13-15世纪复杂动荡的英国社会一系列重大的历史变迁和社会变化直接表现在语言的演变上，这一时期英国政治体制发生了根本的变化，贵族的身份地位也发生了翻天覆地的变化。所有的一切直接影响了人们日常用于沟通的语言。曾经是贵族的象征的法语走向没落，教会通用语的拉丁语也逐渐淡出历史舞台，而曾经低贱的英语得到充分发展壮大，词汇日益丰富，语法体系趋于完整而简练。

Today Britain refers to the kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But the concept of Britain in middle English was very different from that of Britain today. England was then mainly England. The people who lived in this area were mainly angles, saxons and jutes from northern Europe. They brought the Germanic English into this area and made English the main language of Britain at that time. According to the historical division method, the 13th to 15th century AD was in the middle ages when English society developed and the middle English period when language developed. At present, there is no unified definition of the division of Middle English period in the academic circle. Although the division of years is different, they all include the historical period from the 13th to the 15th century. This period is a key period in the development history of English, because there are many events affecting the development of English language in this period. Behind the different years of language division are all significant social and historical events, which can lead to different demarcation points of language division stages.

Language is the most important and direct communicative tool in human society. Human beings use language to communicate with each other about various understandings of nature, social experience and experience. Then the development of the society must be reflected in the language in the first time. The 13th and 15th centuries were a crucial period in the development of English. The three hundred years was an important period for the development and improvement of feudalism in British history, and a series of major events affecting the whole country took place. After the establishment of the Normandy dynasty, the feudal system was gradually improved and social development was relatively stable in the 13th century. In the three hundred years from the 15th century, the language and culture of British society were impacted by the factors of social development, and French and Latin, which once occupied the upper position, gradually declined. Most discriminated against, only the lowliest English spoken by the lower classes of the common people eliminated French and Latin, and became the language of the English people from the highest official to the lowest common people during the Renaissance of the 15th century. The reasons why English changes from weak to strong are worth exploring. This paper will analyze the events that had a great impact on the development of English in the 13th and 15th centuries of middle English from three aspects: social factors, language factors and communication carrier factors.

After the Norman conquest of England by force, William I and his successors retained the original English customs and did not require a unified language. In order to consolidate their dominant position, the rulers in power especially strengthened their supervision and control over the royal nobles and paid attention to weakening the strength of the great nobles. In order to counter the old forces, the royal family also supported the local new aristocrats in Britain, vigorously developed the feudal economy, gradually improved the centralized political system, stabilized the national political situation, integrated the development of various ethnic groups, and enjoyed unprecedented economic and cultural prosperity, which made it possible for the development and growth of English. For the next four hundred years, the original saxons did not regard the French, the ruling class, as invaders. Christianity spread mainly in Latin form at the beginning of the establishment. With its development and spread in Britain, Latin also became a major branch of the English language. Therefore, English, French, English and Latin co-existed in Britain at that time. A large number of French foreign words and Latin words into the English vocabulary.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the warlike but defeated "king of the lost lands" John lost his French territory, and so did the Norman nobles. They have no condition to return to France and can only stay in Britain, which reduces the opportunity for the royal family and nobles to use French. At the same time, the friction between Britain and France was constant, and the relationship between the two countries was gradually estranged. From 1337 to 1453, Britain and France successively fought for territory for nearly one hundred years, which was known as the "hundred years' war between Britain and France". Under the influence of king Edward iii at that time, the British people's hatred of the law rose and national emotions exploded. France's influence in Britain has diminished in the context of national hatred of France. This is the direct reason why French began to decline and English grew stronger in Britain. The slogan "English for the British" even appeared in the upper class. The plummeting status of French and the widespread belief that speaking English was a sign of patriotism undoubtedly accelerated the victory of English over French.

In 1215, the nobles forced the disposessed king John to sign the magna carta and convene a parliament, which began to restrict the power of the king. In the 13th century, industry and commerce were greatly developed. In the middle of the 13th century, merchants and free farmers, as the new forces of economic development, entered parliament as the middle class. In order to fight against the royal power, the nobles had to seek their support. These people who were in between the nobility and the poor and the rich were English speakers. This undoubtedly increased the opportunity for these nobles to use English. In particular, at the end of the 14th century, a bicameral system was formed in Britain. The house of Commons was mainly composed of civilian representatives who had a voice in core areas such as legislation, taxation and military spending. In 1362 the English parliament began to meet in English. In the same year, English was declared the lingua franca of law and the courts. In 1363, an important precedent was set when the Lord chancellor of the house of lords addressed the opening session of parliament in English. Later, people began to draft legal documents in English, which undoubtedly laid a foundation for the establishment of English as an official language. In 1382, a professor of Oxford University translated the bible into English and advocated the worship in English, which further promoted the status of English. In 1399, Henry iv succeeded the throne in a speech in English, which was officially recognized.

In 1348, a plague, also known as the black death, broke out in southern England. Over the next hundred years, the black death gradually spread to the whole country with frequent outbreaks, resulting in a shocking death rate, about 43% of the people in Oxford died. Parishioners have the highest mortality rates in the country, with a staggering 60 percent of missionaries in vicamberville parish and an average of nearly 45 percent of priests nationwide. Because of their special status, they are often exposed to the dead or to people who are dying from bubonic plague, and they are more likely to get sick. The mortality rate of priests is higher than that of the general population. This imperceptibly weakened Latin's influence in Britain. The black death caused a sharp decline in Britain's population, which had been stagnant for a long time. It was not until the 15th century that the population began to slowly recover. Although the black death caused great trauma to the society at that time, it also broke the old social order, readjured the economic layout of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the people no longer depended on the feudal lords to survive and had the opportunity to choose their own jobs. This undoubtedly raised the status of the working people and eased class contradictions to a certain extent. The upper classes are gradually not averse to learning English.

In 1476, the British publisher William Caxton introduced the modern printing technology from Germany to Britain, established the first printing plant in London, and began to print English books. Books are carriers of language vocabulary. Caxton's modern printing promoted the spread of linguistic knowledge among the masses. In 1999 the British broadcasting corporation BBC has let the audience choose 100 one thousand years of British celebrities, caxton defeated the Newton, Darwin and only after William Shakespeare and Winston Churchill, third, his contribution to the British social and cultural development, therefore caxton also known as the "prosperity of midwife" English literature. Printing is a great push to popularize English to the public. It also promotes the development of English standardization and accelerates its transformation to modern English.

Jeffrey Chaucer is considered before Shakespeare of Britain's most outstanding writers and poets. He is known as the "father of modern English". His poetry can be called the most exquisite poetic legend in medieval literature. He was interested in improving the status of English, most of his works were written in English, and he quoted a lot of French and Latin in his English works, but without replacing the original English, the synonyms of English became rich. His most important works, the Canterbury tales and poems, were among the first prints of carxton, a printer. They were very popular and widely read.

The church of England had a tradition of rehearsing religious plays, but by the middle of the 14th century, there were folk stage performances in cities. They toured the streets and squares and so on, replacing the Latin words of the original religious plays with English lines. These plays developed rapidly, and later spread throughout the country, throughout towns and villages. The development of folk drama breeds new national culture. Latin's influence was further reduced, and English language and vocabulary were promoted to spread more widely in society, greatly improving the status of English in society.

Old English nouns have a number and case; The case is divided into the primary case, possessive case, and case, objective case, plus the singular and complex Numbers. There are eight variations of a noun. Adjectives also have inflections of sex, number, case, and person. After the French ruled in the 13th century, English was the spoken language of the working people at the bottom. Without the formal written language or the binding of official requirements, the working people removed some cumbersome attributes of English in order to communicate more simply and directly. For example, the change of noun case has basically disappeared, and only the -s or en endings of plural nouns have been retained. Adjectives have lost their inflected forms, nouns have lost their feminine and masculine divisions, endings have become simpler, spellings of English words have become more fixed, and grammatical rules have been greatly simplified. On this basis, English is an eclectic language that has grown into today's international language.

The English language has absorbed a surprising number of foreign language, about half of the common words in English are foreign language. During this period, the British general public absorbed a large number of French, Latin and other foreign languages into English. English word formation means are flexible. English word formation methods include synthesis, derivation, mixing, transformation, rectification and so on. Of course, more words are "borrowed", and English has the most abundant synonyms and is extremely flexible in its usage.

In short, a series of major historical changes and social changes in the complex and turbulent British society in the 13th and 15th centuries were directly reflected in the evolution of language. During this period, the British political system underwent fundamental changes and the status of aristocrats underwent earth-shaking changes. The economic base began to shift towards commercial trade, and the civilian class of business had the opportunity to enter the parliamentary class and become a new force. All of this directly affects the language people use to communicate in their daily lives. French, once the symbol of aristocracy, was in decline, Latin, the common language of the church, was gradually fading out of the stage of history, and English, once a humble language, was fully developed, with a growing vocabulary and a more complete and concise grammatical system. In 1489, the English parliament stopped using French, which was completely out of the British official stage. In 1509 Henry viii ascended the throne and officially declared English the official language of England.

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