The problem of cultural tourism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The problem of cultural tourism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了文化旅游的问题。随着文化旅游的迅猛发展，一些有争议的问题也随之产生。一些旅游目的地过分追求经济利益，迎合游客的目光，这可能导致虚假事件，可能影响游客的真实体验。另一方面，一些当局专注于发展更受欢迎或更原始的已知文化，因此忽视了少数民族。它导致了文化多样性的缺乏。因此，发展文化旅游是否有助于保持文化是一个问题。

Chapter 1. Introduction

Given cultural tourism has developed dramatically, some controversial issues have raised. Some scholars believe that it is an effective way to improve economy. But several cases showed that some destinations pursue economic benefit overly to ingratiate tourist gaze, which may lead to pseudo-events which perhaps influence on tourists' authentic experience. In general, pseudo-events are so complex that are operated by all stakeholders who involved in, sometime even including tourists themselves. Someone argues that the definition of "cultural commoditization" is still unclear, how to define it will influence on tourists' authentic experience. On the other side, the issue of insufficient use of culture has been raised. Some authorities focus on developing more popular or wild known culture, thereby disregard minority. It results a lack of cultural diversity. Thus, whether developing cultural tourism helps to keep culture or not is a question. This paper is going to explore how cultural tourism impact on tourists, local communities and indigenous culture.

1.1 Background of Cultural Tourism

Over the last twenty years, it has become commonplace for policymakers to use tourism as a policy tool of economic development, particularly in developing regions. The first-time cultural tourism be mentioned in the journal of Tourism culture and communication was 1998s (Kelly and Nankervis, 1998), which includes a wide range of disciplines that are linked with anthropology, sociology, economics and so on (Rollason, 2008) (Macleod, 2006) (Henderson1, 2001). In practices, cultural tourism contributes a lot in some destinations financially, which arouse more and more policymakers’ and local companies’ attention to cultural tourism.

A report shows that recent ten years the international arrivals around the world present a continually increasing trend, while international overnight visitors worldwide raised 7% to reach a sum of 1,322 million in 2017 (UNWTO1, 2018).  Based on the report, it forecasts that a higher sustained growth probably will come in following years. According to a survey from UNWTO, comparing with total international arrivals, cultural visitors are increasing steadily. Around 40% of international visitors are deemed to be "cultural visitors", that is, tourists who take part in a cultural activity or visit as a piece of their stay (UNWTO2, 2018). Thus, more and more privates and public sectors, including host communities and visitors, pay attention to establish a new framework for association between culture and tourism (UNWTO3, 2017).

1.2 Current situation of cultural tourism

Although there is a rising trend for cultural tourism, it still has lots of problems. Specifically, tourists' gaze, insufficient use of culture, commercialization and globalization challenge the development of cultural tourism.

To begin with, tourists’ gaze affects the sustainable development of cultural tourism. It is widely accepted that developing the economy at expense of living and natural environment is harmful to sustainable development (Hughes, 2012). Improving economy should base on protection of environment and heritage, and relevant departments need to work together for keeping the balance of increasing economy and conservation heritages (Taylor, 1999).  But it is easier said than done, tourists gaze is one of resistances to keep that balance. There is a possibility of impact availability of the authentic experience (Urry, 2011) in that all stakeholders set up the "pseudo-event" together to cater even strengthen tourists gaze regardless of the sustainability of tourism.

Meanwhile, insufficient use of culture also has negative impacts on cultural tourism. To some degree, insufficient use of culture is a complex problem due to tourist gaze (Alrassi, 2013). Always propaganda and showing typical and well-known contents may cause insufficient use of culture, furtherly minority is disregard, that is against cultural diversity. However, it is good for national unification, relieving ethnic conflicts, strengthening national consciousness, cultural identity and sense of belonging though establishing collective traditions and customs in some specific cases.

Additionally, commercialization and globalization also hinder the development of cultural tourism. The development of commercialization and globalization provides a comparatively high quality and standardized services, yet that may indistinct local characteristics and tend to westernization, even it impacts on locals inhabits in a part of destinations (Rollason, 2008).  In other words, the standardized services make cultural tourism lose the local specificity, which fails to provide a special cultural experience for visitors.

1.3 Research Questions

These three problems have raised two hypotheses—

H1: Tourists gaze will influence availability of the authentic experience --a case study of Ireland. H2: Developing cultural tourism is one of the effective ways to strengthen national identity and protect heritage sites and ethnic culture—a case study of Singapore.

Based on these two hypotheses, a list of research questions has been raised as well:

H1:

What is the trend and current circumstance of cultural tourism in Ireland?

What is the tourists gaze to Ireland?

How about the attitudes from Irish related departments to develop cultural tourism?

How do tourists gaze impact on Irish cultural tourism industry?

How will tourists gaze influence availability of the authentic experience in Ireland?

What is the significance of strengthening national identity and protect heritage sites and ethnic culture?

H2:

What has done by public and private sectors of Singapore for developing cultural tourism?

How about the attitudes from Singaporean related departments to develop cultural tourism?

How about the result of strengthening national identity and protect heritage sites and ethnic culture in Singapore by developing cultural tourism? And so on. 

1.4 Summary

Despite the growing trend of cultural tourism, it indeed has been in the face of lots of challenges. Among all the challenges, insufficient use of culture, tourists' gaze, commercialization and globalization might be the three main problems currently in tourism industry. In order to improve the performance tourism, it is necessary to deal with such issues effectively.

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