Natural philosophy of ecological civilization

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Natural philosophy of ecological civilization，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了生态文明的自然哲学。在地球生物世界，文明源于人类物种的人质化觉醒，形成于对文化的创造性提炼。所以，要深入理解文明，须先了解文化及其构成。文化无处不在，但它要上升为文明，必须内在地具有体现人类视野和情愫的普世性品格、普世性的精神形态、普遍的解释功能和自为传承的智慧。以此观之，最能将文化上升为文明的动力要素，是宗教、哲学、艺术和科学。其中，最重要的是哲学，而自然哲学的任务就是解释自然科学命题的意义。

The theme of "what kind of natural philosophy is needed for ecological civilization" is to confirm the generative relationship and logical correlation between "ecological civilization" and "natural philosophy" : ecological civilization needs a new philosophical confirmation, which can certainly provide a solid basis for ecological civilization.

To confirm the need of ecological civilization to natural philosophy, we must first understand the function of natural philosophy to civilization.

In the biological world of the earth, civilization originates from the hostage awakening of the human species and forms from the creative refinement of culture. Therefore, to understand civilization in depth, we must first understand culture and its composition.

The word "Culture" comes from the Latin word "Cultura", which means "Culture" in English and "Kulture" in German, meaning the cultivation and cultivation of land, and later extended to the cultivation and education of people, which has the meaning of Culture, refinement, intellectual development and civilization. To sum up, "culture" means that human beings act on the nature, process and transform the natural things to apply to themselves, and at the same time, realize their own training. It is based on this original cognition that the concept of "culture" is initially defined as: "in the broad sense of ethnography, culture or civilization is a composite whole, including knowledge, belief, art, morality, law, custom and all other abilities and habits of man as a member of society." Taylor equates culture with civilization, but civilization is really just a progressive state of culture. Culture is not a mechanical "complex", it has always been inherently generative, because "culture... To give humans an additional degree of control over certain natural forces. It also allows humans to adjust their response patterns, creating new ways of habitually and organizationally adapting that are more flexible and effective than reflexive and instinctive adaptation." And, "a culture is driven by a system of institutions. The value of a culture is embodied in its ideals, myths, political structures and economic ideas: its medium functions through harmonious cooperation and institutional action. The standard of existence and quality of life depends on the scale, extent, distribution and enjoyment of wealth, right, power, art, science and religion."

Presenting the overall form of culture, civilization is contained in material, spirit, system, political-economic mode, production-life mode and national cohesion. And, of course, culture is human, but it is first of all national: once the culture created by the nation state as the basic unit has universal character and spiritual form, it will obtain universal interpretation and form the function of historical inheritance and become civilization.

Culture is everywhere, but in order for it to rise to civilization, it must have the universal character, the universal spirit form, the universal explanation function and the wisdom of self-inheritance. From this point of view, religion, philosophy, art and science are the most powerful forces that elevate culture to civilization. The most important of these is philosophy.

Philosophy grew out of the miletus school and was named by Pythagoras, but it was Plato who shaped it. Plato believed that the existence world is opened as the world of being and the world of becoming. As a way of understanding existence, philosophy also has noumenon and two dimensions of formation: the noumenon world of existence is a world that is "changing and unchanged"; The world formed by existence is a world of "constant change". Moreover, the noumenal world of "change-in-constant" always exists in the formed world of "change-in-constant" and can be manifested only by means of the formed world. The world formed by "constant change" always takes the noumenal world of "constant change" as its source and driving force.

Objectively to see, the world is a whole, but because the accidental factors of incentive, people are getting the hostages awakening, and give out objective consciousness and concept of separability, identified the "natural" and "society", "" change in the status quo of the ontology of the world and the formation of" constant change "in the world also won the" natural "and" social "two points: from the dimension of" society ", the existing ontology of follow-up of the world, to form metaphysics; Ethics, politics and aesthetics are formed by the exploration of the world formed by existence. Starting from the "natural" dimension, the interrogation of the ontological world of existence forms the natural philosophy; The discussion of the existence of the formation of the world, the formation of physics, specifically extended to astrophysics, geophysics, chemistry and biology. It is epistemology that integrates the philosophy of the world in which "society" exists and the philosophy in the world in which "nature" exists and constructs the system of human spirit.

As the name implies, the research object of natural philosophy is nature, which is the same as that of natural science. And "natural philosophy itself is not a science. It is an activity devoted to examining the meaning of the laws of nature." This is because, "the task of natural philosophy is still to do with the assumptions of natural science. Natural knowledge is expressed as proposition; All natural laws are likewise expressed in propositional form. But understanding the meaning of a proposition is a prerequisite for testing its truth. The two concepts are inseparable, and here we can distinguish between two different mental postures: one about testing the validity of hypotheses, and the other about understanding their meaning. The typical scientific method helps to reveal truth, while the philosophical effort points to the clarification of meaning. Thus, the task of natural philosophy is to explain the meaning of scientific propositions." In summary, natural science exploration means to discover laws, put forward hypotheses and verify the authenticity of propositions; Natural philosophy examines the meaning and implication of these hypotheses and propositions with authenticity, and provides the final explanation basis and reason for these hypotheses and propositions to be used and used.

In ancient Greece, the concept of "nature" refers to the nature or origin of the universe. In modern times, it means "everything that is real, everything that is definite in space and time." From the perspective of genesis, the original form of human philosophy is natural philosophy, which focuses on the natural world, and thus has three focuses: What is the origin of the world? How did the universe come into being? What is the nature of the world?

These three questions integrate to form the basic vision of natural philosophy: the question of the world's origin is actually the discussion of the substratum of the world; To pay attention to the formation of the universe, in fact, to explore the formation of life in the universe; The question of the nature of the world is to examine what is the intrinsic character of the universe as the universe or of things as things. Further inquiry is bound to touch upon the generative problems of the world, things and life itself. It is on this basis that some people reduce the essential problem of the world to the technical problem of nature from the perspective of practice. Thus, natural philosophy obtained the modern form: "starting from the theory of matter, natural philosophy is divided into three stages:" cosmology - life - technology ". Cosmology focuses on the evolution of natural matter; The theory of life mainly discusses the mutation of the evolution of the universe, blooming the flower of the universe -- life, and life breeds the soul of the universe -- human spirit; The theory of technology mainly discusses the subjective initiative and behavioral purpose generated in the natural life itself, and how to make the subjective view objective and create the human world on the basis of the universe nature. These three links represent the process of the unity of opposites or the negation of negation of 'the object of the universe', 'the subjectivity of life' and 'the unity of subject and object of technology'. This is the big circle of the nature of the universe. This is the dialectics of nature, which is our 'natural philosophy'." This is the embodiment of natural philosophy from focusing on natural ontology to focusing on natural morphology. This kind of transfer more reflects the willingness of human beings, and the ontological world of natural existence gradually fades out of the horizon of natural philosophy, and methodology almost constitutes the pronoun of natural philosophy. It is true that there is dialectics behind the natural morphological evolution from cosmology to life theory to technology theory, but it is by no means possible to define natural philosophy as dialectics and equate dialectics with natural philosophy. Objectively, ontology and morphological problems is to support the natural philosophy of two dimensions: the former is ontology in natural world to explore, through the discussion for the study of nature, put forward hypothesis, prove proposition, found that regular science elucidates its basic meaning, can open up for its use of paths and methods, to provide for the use of the final; The latter is the discussion of the formation of the world of natural existence, through which to understand and change the laws and methods of nature. Therefore, natural dialectics is the methodology of natural philosophy, and natural ontology is the soil of its formation and construction, but ontology requires it to play the cognitive function of practice. The work of natural philosophy should not only discover natural ontology and natural dialectics, but also pursue the organic unity of them. Only when natural philosophy works in such a complete way can science be united with art and religion.

To explore the new natural philosophy that can confirm and provide the final basis for ecological civilization, it is necessary to clearly define "ecological civilization" itself.

Up to now, there are more than 700 books with the concept of "ecological civilization" as the title and more than 40,000 articles. According to the above literature, there are two kinds of views on "ecological civilization", namely, ecological civilization of specific political significance and anthropological significance. The former has a clear object, definite scope and definite horizon. It is defined by the current national politics and is the civilization form under the current national political, economic, institutional, cultural and social structure framework. Specifically speaking, ecological civilization is environmental civilization. The latter is the contemporary form of human civilization. It is a new form of civilization that surpasses the industrial civilization on the whole.

To sum up, the ecological civilization in the specific political sense and the ecological civilization in the anthropological sense are not completely separated or opposed to each other. On the contrary, they should depend on each other. Ecological civilization in the sense of anthropology provides direction, guide, value coordinate, principle and norm for ecological civilization in the sense of politics. The ecological civilization in the political sense becomes the practice path and macro method of ecological civilization in the anthropological sense. From this point of view, ecological civilization in the political sense and ecological civilization in the anthropological sense must seek for unity. The "ecological civilization" in this paper is an organic unity of the ecological civilization in the sense of anthropology and the ecological civilization in the sense of politics.

Based on the above cognition, to truly understand the ecological civilization, we need to re-understand the industrial civilization, but we should take the agricultural civilization as the reference.

From the theory of human evolution history, each civilization form created by it has its own supporting system, which consists of three parts: technological technology -- energy system, social structure system and philosophical cognition -- value system; Industrial civilization is no exception.

First, look at the process and technology supporting industrial civilization -- energy system. It is based on the transcendence of the technology and energy system of agricultural civilization. In the age of agricultural civilization, the theme of human existence is to survive, and the technology and energy system constructed for this purpose reflects the appeal of four aspects: one is to conform to nature and the environment; Second, to achieve or guarantee the basic life; Three is the craft of handwork; The fourth is to use trees, soil, stone and other surface resources, and then gradually develop copper, iron and other underground resources. In contrast, in the era of industrial civilization, the theme of human existence is to better survive, and the mechanistic technology and energy system constructed for this purpose also reflects the appeal of four aspects: first, to conquer and transform nature and constantly create new living environment; The second is to achieve a better life with increased needs; Third, the technology is produced in the way of standardization, assembly line and batch quantity. The fourth is to develop underground energy resources, mainly coal, oil, natural gas and various metal resources. With the development of industrial civilization, the manual production technology based on ground resources gradually exits the historical stage.

Secondly, the social structure system that supports industrial civilization. It consists of three parts: first, using non-renewable fossil fuels as the energy base; Secondly, technology constitutes the real support point of the society, and the main driving force of the society is to pursue the invention and innovation of technology. Third, consumption promotes production, consumption constitutes the driving force of production, and laissez-faire free market constitutes the real stage of social "production-consumption".

There are three cornerstones to support the establishment of industrial civilization structure system. First, all different ideologies are based on the idea of human society conquering nature. Second, industrialization is the highest stage of social evolution. While criticizing capitalism and imperialism, Marx also believed that industrialization is the most advanced social form. Third, the tide of history will inevitably push mankind towards a better future of life.

Furthermore, look at the cognition-value system that supports industrial civilization. It consists of four aspects: first, for the purpose of better survival, industrial civilization changed from adapting to nature, learning from nature and adapting to the environment in the age of agriculture to conquering nature, learning from itself and transforming the environment. Therefore, industrial civilization constructs a dual cognitive model that separates man from nature, and the mechanistic world view is its concrete expression. Second, under the standard of dualistic cognitive model and mechanistic world outlook, construct the belief system of anthropopentric theory. The individual appeal of this belief system forms individualism. The socialized appeal of this belief system is centralization and autocracy, including centralization and autocracy of society and environment. Third, materialistic value orientation system is constructed with material happiness as the survival goal. It has three demands: first, economism, "the relationship between people -- material needs -- is primary, while the relationship between people -- society -- is secondary". ... Society should be subordinate to the economy, not the economy to society. In this new field, morality is replaced by economics, which 'focuses on income, wealth and material prosperity as the core of social life'." The second is that man is an economic animal: "another hypothesis of this materialism or economism is reflected in the creed that man is an economic animal. Once man is seen in this abstract way, the desire to improve his material condition without limit is seen as his inner nature." Third, "the infinite abundance of material goods can solve all human problems. This belief, together with the popular view that man is an economic animal, leads us to the assumption that there is indeed a unity between material wealth and the general health and welfare of society. In its simplest terms, GNP constitutes a measure of how well a society is doing." Fourth, taking material happiness as the purpose and materialism as the value orientation, the action program of industrial civilization is arrogant material hegemony, and its action principle is absolute economic and technological rationality.

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