美国作业代写：The Bioenergy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The Bioenergy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了生物能源。生物质能源是一种可再生能源，大力发展生物质能源技术和生物质能源产业，对缓解能源危机和改善生态环境至关重要。现阶段，由于第一代生物质能源的局限性，以开发木质纤维素为主要方向的第二代生物质能源备受关注。目前，第二代生物质能源仍处于技术创新阶段，绝大多数企业受到负利润率的影响，至今未能形成产业化生产。然而毋庸置疑的是，第二代生物质能源是生物质能源产业发展的必然趋势。

From the angle of industrial development, this paper probes into the general law of biomass energy development, describes the current situation and development predicament of the global bioenergy industry, compares the policy evolution, content and characteristics of the foreign biomass energy powers, and puts forward the principles and emphases of the development of biomass energy in China. By comparison and reference, this paper argues that, in the development of biomass energy, China has the dual characteristics of "resource disadvantage" and "policy advantage", and the policy framework of future biomass energy should consider more factors such as guaranteeing national energy security, ensuring food security, protecting agriculture and maintaining economic stability, and forming a new energy industry system with balanced development.

Biomass energy is a kind of renewable energy, vigorously developing biomass energy technology and biomass energy industry, which is very important for alleviating energy crisis and improving ecological environment. In bioenergy, solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, in the new energy sources of hydrogen energy and nuclear energy, biomass energy has certain particularity, that is, in theory, its use will not net greenhouse gas emissions, but also can maintain and even increase the carbon reserves of terrestrial soil in a certain range, thus effectively solving the problem of fossil energy depletion and global environmental pollution. Therefore, the world's major developed countries in the development and application of Low-carbon energy technology as the core of the energy reform plan, the development of biomass energy as a national strategic industry to ensure the country's political security, economic security and environmental security.

Biomass refers to everything on earth that grows through photosynthesis, and its main forms of existence include animals, plants, microorganisms, and organic matter from the metabolism of these organisms. Biomass energy is the energy that the biomass converts to solar energy and is stored in the body in the form of chemical energy, so biomass power is a kind of indirect solar energy. To date, the main sources of human utilization of biomass energy are agricultural crops and by-products, lignocellulose, municipal wastewater and other organic wastes.

At this stage, the world's leading product of biomass is undergoing a shift from the first generation of biomass energy to a second generation of biomass energy. Biomass energy, which is the raw material of agricultural crops and by-products, is called the first generation of biomass energy or traditional biomass energy, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, mainly through liquid or solid fermentation. The first generation of biomass energy has been formed in some countries industrialized production, industrial chain structure is relatively perfect, such as the United States, Brazil and so on. However, the first generation of biomass energy, because of its preemption of food crops that can be used for human consumption or processing, may bring about food security and rising food prices, and bottlenecks in industrial development in many countries. In addition, the first generation of biomass energy production process may also cause a second environmental pollution. Due to the limitation of the first generation of biomass energy, the second generation of biomass energy, which is the main direction of the development of Lignocellulose, has attracted much attention. At present, the second generation of biomass energy is still in the technological innovation stage, the vast majority of enterprises are affected by the negative profit margin, so far failed to form industrial production. There is no doubt, however, that the second generation of biomass energy is an inexorable trend in the development of biomass energy industry.

The scale economy effect is very prominent in the biomass energy industry. The investment of fixed capital allocated by unit biomass energy output and the marginal operating cost will be decreased with the enlargement of enterprise scale. For example, a biomass power plant with a production capacity of 40 MW, with a fixed cost of about $2.5 million per million watt, and a biomass power station with a capacity of only 1 MW, has a fixed cost of $8 million per million watt. Therefore, the limited production factors to a number of enterprises, will be conducive to biomass energy industry scale expansion and capital accumulation.

The factors affecting the supply of biomass energy are: specific biomass quantity and quality, biomass energy conversion technology, biomass energy production cost, enterprise scale and competition between industry and industry. The demand of biomass energy is mainly influenced by the demand of energy, the regulation of the production and consumption of biomass energy, the price and supply status of alternative products, the psychology of consumers and the construction of energy transmission channels. It can be said that the influence factors of biomass energy supply and demand determine the development status and characteristics of biomass energy industry in the world.

Unlike other forms of renewable energy, the output of biomass energy is not only affected by the relationship between industry and supply and demand, but also depends on the development level of upstream industry, the industrial relationship and the level of social service. An industrial chain structure with a complete and reasonable level of spatial directivity, such as agriculture, forestry, the food processing industry, as well as the logistics industry upstream and the surrounding industry development level, as well as the country's waste water management, landfill gas management, two of pollution prevention and other social services levels, to varying degrees to promote or restrict the development of the country's biomass energy industry. How to make the biomass energy industry in the value chain, Enterprise chain, supply chain and space chain on the formation of a balanced docking, is currently the world's development of biomass energy industry real problems.

Biomass energy is the sunrise industry, even in some developed countries, its development is still in the industrial life cycle start-up period. At this stage, the role of the Government is more reflected in the development of financial support and investment subsidies such as the establishment of business incubators and the cultivation of start-ups, they will play an important role in the start of biomass energy industry.

In the global energy system, the first generation of biomass energy has become the second largest energy supply industry after fossil fuels. According to the 2013 Global Renewable Energy Development Report, released by renewable energy policy in 21st century, the proportion of fossil fuels consumed in the world's economy was less than 80% for the first time in 2011, while renewable energy supplies more than 19% of the power, with the proportion of traditional biomass energy reaching 93%. In addition, according to IEA forecasts, by 2050, the global biomass energy capacity is expected to reach annual $number EJ.

From the global distribution of biomass energy industry, mainly concentrated in some developed countries and energy shortage but biomass raw materials rich countries. From the scale of biomass energy production, bioethanol production in the United States and Brazil has reached 70% of global production; in terms of biomass energy as a proportion of domestic energy consumption, Finland and Sweden two countries of this index, such as in Finland, the total energy consumption, already more than 12% of the biomass energy supply.

It should be noted that while biomass energy accounts for 19% per cent of global energy consumption, the proportion of biofuels in it is very low, only 8% in 2011 years. The main reason for the stalled growth of biofuels is the slowdown in production in Brazil and the United States, the world's largest biofuel supplier. such as the United States biomass energy products are mainly concentrated in bioethanol and biodiesel, its main production of raw materials for corn. The biofuel industry consumes nearly 40% of the country's corn, putting pressure on domestic food prices to stabilize the United States.

At present, China has been industrialized biomass energy utilization methods are: biogas, biomass power generation, briquette fuel, fuel ethanol and biodiesel. 2010, biomass energy industry output value of more than 21.1 billion yuan, annual growth rate reached 89%. Among them, fuel ethanol and biodiesel production value of about 7 billion yuan and 3.2 billion yuan, biomass power to achieve production value of about 3.5 billion yuan, rural biogas estimated output value of about 6.8 billion yuan.

The United States has established a set of laws and regulations on biomass-related energy. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, a major turning point in U.S. energy policy, marks the U.S. energy policy, which focuses on expanding supply, and begins to shift to an energy policy that expands supply and expands domestic energy development. This policy has greatly enhanced the strategic position of biomass energy. After President Obama took office, he launched a "national Strategy for Clean energy", which identified the development and marketization of biomass energy as one of the priorities of the economic revitalization program.

At the federal level, despite the contradictions between biofuel and corn consumption, the US still plans to increase biomass and biomass chemicals by 20 times times in 2020 to 25% of total energy consumption for low-carbon and environmental purposes. The EPA also sets a national target for biofuel use every year. such as 2013 years of mandatory use of 1.6055 trillion gallons, 2014 increased to 181.5 billion gallons.

At the state level, the United States has 36 state governments through RPS, a mandatory rule. In the RPS, it is mandatory for the power industry to transport electricity, the corresponding proportion of electricity must be derived from the prescribed renewable energy. Among them, biomass energy is an important part. This standard is increasing yearly. Each state's standards are based on the state's basic state of affairs, such as the level of economic development, the diversity of energy supplies and environmental factors.

We should implement positive tax policies to encourage the development of biomass energy enterprises. Among them, government subsidy is one of the important ways. The Obama administration launched a $5.1 billion subsidy package in 2011 to encourage the development of the second generation of biomass energy industries. The United States also through the government risk-sharing mechanism, the living material Energy Enterprise's loan provides the guarantee, guarantees the biomass energy enterprise's fund demand. These fiscal stimulus policies have a significant effect, attracting a large number of traditional energy enterprises have entered the field of biomass energy.

Encourage international cooperation in biomass energy and domestic Enterprise Alliance. As the United States and Brazil are the world's leading producers of ethanol fuel, the United States, through the signing of a memorandum of cooperation with Brazil on the transfer of biomass technology and international standards, has actively promoted the formation of the international organization of ethanol OPEC to control the international market for ethanol fuel. At the same time, encourage biomass energy enterprises to form Enterprise Alliance, improve biomass energy production concentration.

Through the biomass energy industry to promote employment. In 2010, the U.S. federal Government allocated $664.6 billion to biomass energy companies through financial allocations. The development of bio-ethanol and biodiesel industry has brought about many kinds of employment opportunities, such as plant construction, enterprise operation and equipment maintenance. According to the United States Renewable Energy Commission, the bioethanol industry has created more than 150,000 people's jobs in just 2005 years and one years, adding $5.7 billion in household income. Biomass energy industry and employment form a virtuous circle.

Special attention is paid to the supply of raw material energy. At the federal level, the United States in the Farm Act, promulgated in 2008, put forward the bcap, the aim is to subsidize the biomass energy industry upstream enterprises or farmers, to protect the raw materials from agriculture and forestry supplies, in order to promote the biomass energy industry supply chain construction. Under the plan, the USDA's Farm Services office provides subsidies of up to $45 per thousand tons to businesses that are engaged in harvesting, storing and transporting biomass raw materials. Since April 2010, the program has provided some $24.5 billion in subsidies to the bio-industry upstream.

Strictly control the secondary pollution that the biomass energy industry may cause. The RES2 of the United States stipulates that companies engaged in the production of second-generation biomass energy, especially wood-fiber energy enterprises, must produce greenhouse gas emissions in production that are lower than the standard set by the United States for all energy companies $number. Moreover, the measurement of greenhouse gas emissions is based on the life cycle of the entire product.

To sum up, the development of biomass energy industry is a significant content of the change of energy structure in the world and a realistic way to optimize China's energy structure. Based on the characteristics of biomass energy industrialization and the basic national conditions, the policy target and policy focus of future Chinese biomass energy should be shifted to the second generation and third generation biomass energy gradually to reduce the conflict between population, resources and environment.

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