Change the events in the alkali industry-paper代写

加拿大代写精选范文：“Change the events in the alkali industry”，这篇论文讨论了改变碱行业的事件。碱生产实际上具有悠久的历史，据说除了盐之外，碱可能是人类最早制备和使用的化学物质。在古代，人们已经知道如何从海洋和陆地植物中制备碱，并用它制造眼镜。本篇加拿大论文代写范文由51due加拿大代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

    Introduction
    The alkali production actually has a long history, it is said that, in addition to salt, alkali may be the earliest prepared and used chemical substances by human beings (Reynolds, 1986). In ancient times, people already knew how to prepare alkali from marine and terrestrial plants and use it to manufacture glasses. During the 19th century, affected by the Industrial Revolution, chemical industry has been considerably progressed. The 19th century was the period of the rise and prosperity of the inorganic chemical industry and organic synthesis industry, large-scale acid, caustic soda, bleach, gunpowder, inorganic salts, dyes, fibers and other industrial have developed (Reynolds, 1986). In order to meet the needs of rapid development of the textile industry, the two industry of sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid as the chemical raw materials as well as the soda ash and caustic soda firstly obtained development.  
Events which transformed the alkali industry
    In 1775, the French Doctor N. Leblanc succeeded in creating a soda ash production method and this method was patented in 1791, which is the so-called “Leblanc process” (Reilly, 1951). In 1823, British salt tax was canceled and they introduced the Leblanc process, they built soda ash plant in Liverpool and put it into production. Since then, the British soda industry by leaps and bounds was far ahead of France (Gillispie, 1957). The byproduct of Leblanc process, hydrogen chloride was initially injected into the atmosphere. British Parliament passed the regulations, forcing producers must recycle it. In 1836, the Soap Manufacturer “Coser” created a scrubber filled with coke, making the hydrogen chloride gas rising from the bottom of the tower absorbed by the falling water and thus prepared hydrochloric acid. In 1866, H. Deacon and F. Hurter mixed the hydrogen chloride gas with preheated air and generate chlorine through copper and manganese oxides, and then introduced the lime into whitewash and then obtain a bleaching liquid. Later, the industrial chemists A. M. Chance pumped the flue gas containing carbon dioxide into the processing waste, making the waste calcium sulfide transfer into hydrogen sulfide, and oxidized it with oxygen into sulfur (Wisniak, 2003).  By using this way, it not only revolutionized the Leblanc process, but also obtained a series of by-product, forming the Leblanc process into a chemical production system, and the chemical industry thus gradually raised. “Solvay process” was created by E. Solvary in 1861, which is the method by using salt, ammonia and carbon dioxide to prepare sodium carbonate (Hutchings & Joffe, 1986). In 1873, the soda ash produced by the Solvay Company won the Honor Award of pure quality at the Vienna International Fair, from then “Solvay process” was recognized by the world. After the introduction of Solvay process, soda ash prices declined significantly. When the news reached the United Kingdom, the British company Hutchinson which was engaged in preparing alkali by using Leblanc process obtained the exclusive rights for monopolizing the Solvay process for two years. In 1873, Hutchinson established a large-scale plant for producing soda ash, and later have set up factories in France, German, the United States and other countries (Steinhauser, 2008). Those countries has built a Solvay Union, only the member States can get access to the design drawings and keep absolute secrecy externally. When there was a modified or newly discovered, the member states only exchange the news internally and make an agreement for not apply the patent in order to prevent leakage. 
    Drivers and barrier
    After the 18th century, due to the growing demand for raw materials consumed in large quantities, as well as the rising prices, people began to study how to make artificial soda chemically, which laid a foundation of the creation of Leblanc process and Solvay process. 
Leblanc process has been lasted until 1920 to 1930, due to the low product purity, high production costs, low labor efficiency and the difficulty for continuous operation, plus the recycled hydrochloric acid contains a strong corrosion, it must be exported or otherwise disposed, therefore, it was almost completely replaced by the later “Solvay process” (Wisniak, 2003). However, there are still many shortcomings for Solvay process, for example, the use ratio of salt is very low, the production waste always silt the harbor which polluting the environment (Steinhauser, 2008). Thus, Solvay process is constantly evolving, and it has experienced a variety of ways to improve in German, China and Japan. In 1937, Japan further invaded China, the soda ash prices was extremely high, the underground yellow bitterns was too light which was did not meet the requirements of the Solvay method, and in the region where the soda ash factory located, the waste discharge was really difficult, the alkali production method must to be improved at that time (Xie, 2003). Under the auspices of Dr. Hou Debang, the factory was engaged in the improvement of Solvay process. Later, Dr. Hou successfully created the “Hou's process” which allows the soda ash production process more continuous, the method expands the production scale and also largely lower the production cost (Xie, 2003). 
    Impact upon science industry
    Leblanc process is the first large-scale chemical alkali production in the history of human. Soda built with this method has spread throughout the whole Europe, the highest annual output was about 600,000 tons (Steinhauser, 2008). The period between 1825 and 1880 was the apogee of “Leblanc process”, it led to the development of a series of chemical products such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, bleach, Glauber's salt and sulfur. It also played an important role in promoting the emergence of chemical equipment, such as gas scrubbers, rotary kiln, mechanical ovens, open-ended Portland pan and Shank type leaching devices (Wisniak, 2003). While the raw material used by Solvay process is easy to be accessed, the low cost, higher product purity, plus the liquid and gas operations is based on process-oriented which is suitable for large-scale continuous production, thus making the price of a tone of soda ash was reduced from 13 pounds per kilo to around 4 pounds kilo, it has gradually replaced the Leblanc process and significantly promoted the alkali production industry (Steinhauser, 2008).
    Summary and conclusion
    Even though the Leblanc process and Solvay process have some certain shortcomings and were eventually replaced by the more advanced Hou's process, they still played an important role on the chemical Industry in Europe and even in the worldwide, as they have basically formed and promoted the development of the alkali production as well as the chemical industry. 
    Reference
    Gillispie, C. C. (1957). The Discovery of the Leblanc Process. Chicago Journals, 48(2), 152-170. 
Hutchings, G. J. & Jeffe, R. (1986). A novel process for the co-synthesis of vinyl chloride monomer and sodium carbonate using a gold catalyst. Applied Catalysis, 20(1-2), 215-218.
    Reilly, D. (1951). Salts, Acids & Alkalis in the 19th Century. A Comparison between Advances in France, England & Germany. Chicago Journals, 42(4), 287-296. 
    Reynolds, T. S. (1986). Defining Professional Boundaries: Chemical Engineering in the Early 20th Century. Technology and Culture, 27(4), 694-716.  
    Steinhauser, G. (2008). Cleaner production in the Solvay Process: general strategies and recent developments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(7), 833-841. 
    Wisniak, J. (2003). Sodium Carbonate – From Natural Sources to Leblanc and Back. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology,10(1), 99-112.
    Xie, X. D. (2003). Experi ment of Filtration of Mother Liquor in Hou's Process by Fibrous Globule. Soda Industry, 2, 114-161. 

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