Russian ecological governance-paper代写

留学生paper代写精选范文：“Russian ecological governance”，这篇论文讨论了俄罗斯的生态治理。不管是前苏联的切尔诺贝利事故，还是俄罗斯经济发展与环境问题的冲突，都让俄罗斯的生态问题变得非常严峻。为了应对生态危机和保护环境，俄罗斯采用了预防在先、全面监控、公众参与等诸多的方式和措施来进行生态治理。

In the 1980 of the 20th century broke out in the former Soviet Union shocking the world of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, serious ecological crisis caused by the trauma has left open for people. In addition, Russia's interests in the development of a market economy driven by the development and use of natural resources and eco-environment protection of contradiction. Russia in recent years in environmental protection and ecological governance explored a number of active and effective. In response to the ecological crisis and to promote environmental protection and improving the efficient use of natural resources, Russia took prevention first, the strict examination and approval, supervision, cultural development, public participation, and many other policies and measures.

Russian 15% of the serious degradation of natural ecosystems, gathered here in Russia most of the residential areas, industrial areas and agricultural areas, their environment is not so optimistic. In recent years, the Russian Government attaches great importance to environmental protection and ecological governance, has issued a series of laws and regulations and institutional measures, exploring a "domestic legislation into line with international cooperation" "combination of ecological culture and ecological system" of the popular participation in governance and new ways.

Russia's importance to the implementation of the sustainable development strategy and environmental protection and resource use issues, formulated, promulgated a series of laws, regulations and policies, and in the resolution of global and regional ecological problems play an active role. Within a short period after the independence of the Russian Federation has formulated and promulgated a large number of environmental protection, rational use and protection of natural resources in the Federal law. Constitution establishes the basic principle of environmental law and in other laws and regulations of environmental protection.

2002 enactment of the environmental protection act is the most important law of the Russian Federation, in the ecological status of the basic law in the law system of the Russian Federation, is an important basis for other normative legal documents. In addition, also President of the Russian Federation and the Federal Government by presidential decree and administrative regulations promulgated many legal documents. Russia's Ministry of natural resources and environmental protection annual annual report on the State of the Russian Federation on environmental protection. The objective of the report is to ensure that national authorities, social organizations and citizens aware of the status of environmental protection, ensure the rational use of natural resources, natural resource regeneration and to ensure implementation of national strategies for sustainable development. The measures of eco-environment management from the strategic level to provide an important legal basis, provided the starting point for environmental governance and decision-making.

Ecological culture construction to reflect the country's focus on ecological environment and level of awareness. The Russian Government always attaches importance to the building of an ecological culture and ecological consciousness of ecological education, training, breeding, ecological information of mass communication as a key content. Ecological culture in Russia focus on strengthening ecological education, ecological training and universal aspects.

Firstly, a universal system of ecological education, paying attention to development of ecological education and ecological awareness. On ecological education of the younger generation is the key target of ecological culture construction in Russia. Required course for Russian Ministry of education ecology curriculum is compulsory, while introducing the family concept of ecological education. Secondly, Russia ecological vocational training. Training are State organs work in the science, education and culture, ecological protection, ecological law enforcement practitioners, as well as technical experts and executives in the enterprise. For decision makers in enterprises or organizations, and training to legal liability for damage to the environment will be warn. Eco-career training unlike ecological education, which focuses on the cultivation of ecological consciousness, enlightenment and basic laws, basic common sense, policies and systems of learning, such as pre-school education will cultivate in children a love of nature. Rather than focusing on legal education, ecological safety knowledge, practice and training in basic skills, focusing on quality training for the ecological crisis prevention and resolution. In addition, Russia attaches great importance to ecological knowledge in the areas of communication, information, cultural and ecological awareness training. The provisions of the environmental protection law of the Russian Federation "to residents of universal environmental protection and ecological security legislation, by State authorities of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation State authority bodies, local self-government bodies, social organizations, mass communication tools, as well as educational institutions, cultural institutions, museums, libraries, nature conservation agencies, sports and tourist organizations and other legal entities". Russia has also established various promotional eco information, eco-training, dissemination of ecological and cultural institutions. Such as the eco-biological Center of the Russian Federation, to organize the appropriate ecological and cultural activities every year. Russia in the field of ecological information dissemination practices have achieved very good results. Its main features include: one is the General launch all social forces to develop eco-universal; the second is the extensive use of various bodies, platforms and channels to carry out ecological awareness, fostering ecological awareness and consensus of the community; the third is issued the national ecological report on a regular basis, open ecological information, organizing all kinds of eco-friendly activities, ecological culture construction has a broad social basis, mass basis and legal foundation.

Ecological culture construction in Russia, rose to national legislative level ecological culture, in terms of specific practices adopted legislative and policy together, combining education and training, the practice of combining advocacy and outreach, which enrich the connotation of ecological culture.

For the protection of the Russian State ecological law, national ecological policy and effective implementation of ecological measures, in practice, Russia has developed a set of effective prevention of environmental crises, the ecological disaster of ecological system, including ecological permits, standards, registration, identification, monitoring and audit, compensation, insurance system.

Russia in ecological systems design focusing on ecological management of science, rationality and consistency. First, according to the Russian law, all enterprises in Russia to the Russian State Committee on ecological ecological registration. Ecological content of the registration certificate shall cover the product descriptions, process description, types of use of natural resources, the environmental impact of the production process, green productivity indexes, as well as information about natural resource use permits, environmental pollution and natural resource use billing. Second, according to the Russian law, of major economic decisions will be made before the State ecological appraisal. Where the Russian State ecological appraisal object within the scope of various economic activities, State ecological appraisal must be submitted in a manner prescribed by law, otherwise the enterprises will bear the corresponding legal responsibility according to law. Results of State ecological appraisal have the force of law, only after the adoption of the State ecological appraisal, national and commercial banks will take care of the project financial allocations and payments. Third, the system of environmental charges in Russia and economic incentive system is based on "natural charge, compensation for environmental damage and protect the environment benefit" principle, using market-oriented legal system means to solve ecological protection and pollution control of important ecological policy. Finally, Russia also encouraged enterprises to actively participate in the eco-ecological audit insurance, in order to reduce the threat of ecological risk. In addition, Russia also adopted ecological monitoring ecological monitoring and ecological monitoring to establish a global system.

These systems and mechanisms for the prevention and control of ecological risk plays a catalytic role, objectively contribute to the promotion of the sustainable development strategy of Russia. Russian eco-systems in current Russian ecological functions, regulators, non-governmental organizations and civil society in environmental governance, environmental management and supervision of general conformity and system security.

Public participation in the environmental management system in Russia is a necessary complement to the current eco-environmental management system. Decision-making openness and public participation in ecological environment in Russia in recent years, the concrete results of the reform of the management system. Its reform full of Western developed countries in environmental management, trying to establish a system of public participation in environment management and supervision of social services. Russia is to change public and social group for the national environment management authority subordinate to do the hard work.

First of all, in the management of ecological environment stressed the need to safeguard the ecological rights of citizens, citizens enjoy a good environment, as well as the right of the State of the environment information. The clear provisions of the environmental protection law of the Russian Federation, everyone enjoys a good environment, and be notified of the right to environmental information, request compensation for the environmental damage their health or property rights. Second, the State encourages and advocated civil, social organizations and non-governmental organizations to participate in the eco-open decision making process. Russia encourages citizens who volunteer to set up environmental protection groups, participation in environmental management.

Law expressly provides for community groups and organizations to participate in environmental management principles, content, way and form. Meanwhile, the State specially designated institutions established to assist public participation in environmental management, citizen and community participation in environmental management activities provision of services and advice, and specialized training for staff in these sectors, improving the professional standards of eco-consulting services, effective implementation of public environmental claims. Thirdly, the Government published report on the State of the environment to the general public on a regular basis, through the mass media and other means will be announced conclusion of State ecological expertise, and project-specific environmental impact assessment and identification of the national ecological issues held a hearing seeking the views of citizens and community groups. Finally, civil, social and ecological organizations and non-governmental organizations not only have the right to participate in the eco-environmental consulting management at the decision-making level, also enjoys the environment administration and staff report inappropriate decisions and violation of law enforcement supervision, administrative, civil or criminal proceedings. Above Russia in recent years, public participation in environmental management are becoming the main way and form. This shows that Russia in the field of environmental protection and constantly expand the channels, tries to establish a new Union and actual supervision system of eco-environmental management mechanisms and decision-making patterns.

Pollution of the environment is characterized by its cross-border and transnational in nature. It is well known that the international community today, no country can rely on their own strength or only with a handful of countries can solve its own problems. International ecological cooperation is an important way to countries emerging from crises. Russia international ecological cooperation mainly includes three aspects: launched an international initiative to join international organizations; the conclusion of international conventions and agreements. Russia's joining of the world's most environmental groups, focus on important international ecological organizations, especially the United Nations and their exchanges and cooperation under the United Nations environmental organization. In recent years, Russia and the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations, UNESCO, the World Conservation Union, the World Health Organization, the food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the World Meteorological Organization in the field of environmental protection cooperation.

Meanwhile, Russia has signed more than more than 70 eco-cooperation with other countries in international conventions and agreements, such as the United Nations Convention on law of the sea, the Convention on wetlands, the Convention on the protection of living resources in the Baltic Sea, the Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora, the Convention on biological diversity and the agreement on the protection of the Black Sea, and so on. These international conventions and agreements to guide international cooperation with Russia and other countries. Was particularly pointed out that, in 2006, Russian Prime Minister under the mechanism of regular meetings between the establishment of the environmental protection Committee, set up a new platform for cooperation in environmental protection. Environmental committees set up under the pollution prevention and environmental disaster emergency Liaison Working Group, transboundary water monitoring and protection working group, the cross-border nature reserve and the biodiversity conservation working group. This is the new direction for Russia and China in the field of ecological cooperation.

International law is a basic follow Russian ecological cooperation, Russia established in the international ecological cooperation in the principles of international law over federal law. According to the environmental protection law of the Russian Federation, if ecological international treaties of the Russian Federation are different from the rules of the Federal law, the rules of the international treaty shall apply. This means that if Russia and other countries or organizations of international treaties conflict with domestic legal provisions, according to the international environmental treaty implementation. Meanwhile, Russia's international economic cooperation, with particular emphasis on the protection of the ecological environment. Russia's international ecological cooperation principles: any may have unpredictable effects on the environment of economic activities, as well as other activities are prohibited; ensure that all international projects are carried out on Russian soil to carry out the necessary State ecological appraisal.

Russian eco-active in the field of bilateral and multilateral international cooperation, whose main objective is to strive for international environmental organizations and policy discourse, the effective integration of international environmental protection system. In particular the World Bank, the European Bank for reconstruction and development, the global environment facility and other agencies with the support of Russia's successful implementation of a number of major environmental projects, in the presence of international cooperation within the framework of resolution of a number of national environmental and ecological issues. The Russian Government believes that despite these environmental and ecological outcome, but out of the environmental crisis is not only dependent on one country or several countries, one or several environmental groups, international ecological cooperation towards universalization and normalized, and must be in accordance with international standards, in a unified and coordinated action on the basis of international law.

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