The Main Differences between Broadcast News and Paper News--Paper代写范文

paper代写范文:“The Main Differences between Broadcast News and Paper News”，这篇论文主要描述的是广播新闻和报纸新闻都是传递新闻资讯的一种途径或载体，在作用方面的是相同的，但两者在语体等方面却有着不同之处，广播新闻主要以声音和影音资料为主，而报纸新闻则是以文字、纸质来进行传播。

Journalistic English is the style in reporting English news by means of mass Media. There are two types: written form and spoken form, the style in newspaper and the style in broadcasting. Owing to the different means of communication, the language used in broadcasting is different from what is employed in newspaper, which mainly expresses in three aspects, vocabulary, grammar and discourse.

The materials and examples employed in this paper are derived from VOA, BBC, CNN, China Daily and Washington Post, which are authentic and persuasive. After comparing and analyzing these typical examples, it can be concluded that the differences lie in and it is hoped that this thesis will be a little reminder and helpful for journalists and relating students.

Chapter 1 Introduction第一章 引言

With the development of modern information industry, people in the world relates to each other more and more closely. People in U.S.A get to know China while Chinese people have access to news reporting from VOA. At present, English has become an international language while English is a complex of many different ‘varities’ of language in use in all kinds of situations in many parts of world (Crystal&Davy,1969:3). One of the most evident differences of language of this is the difference between spoken language and written language. As for news, broadcasting news reporting is written to be heard and thus it carries the feature of spoken language while newspaper news reporting is written for reading and thus has the characteristics of written language. They are different in many ways and this paper intends to compare and analyze the significant stylistic differences in the aspects with to vocabulary, grammar and semantics. 

1.1 Features of news

A famous citation is follows that when a dog bites a man, that is not news. But if a man bites a dog, that is news, which is coined by the newspaper editor John B. Bogart. Thus news is simply defined as “what people want and need to know”（Newsom & Wollert, 1985:11）. Its function is providing people with information. Factually, journalists themselves have been establishing a set of news values to determine the worthiness of news including timelines, prominence and importance of events, etc (Mencher,1991:58-60).

Therefore it can be summarized that good news should convey most or some of the following features.

Firstly, news should be timely since the new and fresh information can give rise to the audience’s interest and attention. Furthermore, news is unusual since disasters (eg.Wen Chuan Earthquake),wars(eg. Iraq War), epidemics(eg.H1N1 Flu) are the focuses of news.

Secondly, news is supposed to influence or lead people’s life to some extent. News is written about some prominent individuals like present, governor or business leaders and other peculiar ones. Their words and activities are reported to the public and thus that influence their life and thoughts.

Although a piece of good news has a great deal of features such as interesting, informative, entertaining, news, in a word, should either inform, or to entertain or to persuade the audience or readers.

1.2 Features of broadcasting & newspaper

In a general sense, media can be divided into two groups-print media and broadcasting media. Newspaper belongs to the former while radio and TV are parts of the latter.

It is universally recognized that newspaper and broadcasting news belong to journalism and both of them are the main methods for people to acquire information. However, they carry substantial differences.

Firstly, newspaper is printed and belongs to written form. Newspaper holders can read it for times if they are interested in it or cannot understand at the first time. Thus the newspaper journalists write precisely and meticulously with the help of pictures and graphics to acquire readers while radio news is fleeting and goes in one ear and out the other one. Therefore, broadcasting news must be easily understandable and most broadcasting news employs conventional style and colloquial forms. Moreover, the broadcasting news often follows a clearer organization pattern then that of newspaper for the same story and thus the audience of broadcasting news can get the points much easily than newspaper readers.

Secondly, broadcasting news is shorter than newspaper story. Since people’s attention span is limited, broadcasting news should not be too long to avoid tiresome and boredom. Thus, the length for broadcasting is limited to several minutes. Moreover, broadcasting news usually offers a quick summary of what is happening at present. Broadcasting news is more immediate and timely than newspaper since news on radio or TV is updated moment by moment while newspaper news day by day.

1.3 The layout of this thesis

This thesis is composed of four chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, which is mainly dealing with introduction to features of news and general differences between newspaper news from broadcasting news. The second chapter offers the theoretical background of this thesis from two perspectives, media writing and stylistics. Chapter three is the center of the whole thesis. It will analyze and compare from three levels, lexical level, grammatical level and semantic level by employing some typical examples. Conclusions will be drawn in the last chapter.          

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background

第二章 理论背景

2.1 Theories of media writing

With media’s rapid development, numerous media theories come up recently. Among them, Djik in 1985 published the book named Discourse and Communication: New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication, which related the study of mass media with discourse analysis firstly. Newsom and Wollert (1985) wrote a book Media writing: News for the mass media which was suitable for all media-broadcasting, printing, and advertising, etc. This book was comprehensive in which different media styles were introduced, therefore, it can serve as a reference book of media. The differences between broadcasting and newspaper were also written including technique, equipment, writing, and editing, etc.

During the later period, some scholars  tended  to  research  broadcasting  and  newspaper respectively. Short and Dickerson (1980) focused on the form and the content of the newspaper news in the book The Newspaper: An Alternative Textbook while Garvey and Rivers (1982) mainly concentrated on teaching the basic skills and rules of broadcasting writing in Broadcasting Writing. Fedler, Bender, Davenport, and Kostyu (1997) emphasized the practice of journalism. They published the book Reporting for the Media, mainly providing the instructions and exercises to students who wanted to become better writers. The book News Writing and Reporting for Today’s Media written by Rule and Anderson (2000) was more basic than Newsom and Wollert’s Media writing: News for the mass media. The objective of the two books mentioned above was providing information and techniques about news writing and reporting in every aspect, such as gathering information, writing, and editing the news, etc.

Mencher committed a lot to news writing since his book News Reporting and Writing (1981，1991，2003) had been published nine times until 2003. The purpose of this book was providing the background knowledge vital to accurate reporting and writing, teaching the media working skills, and suggesting the significance of journalism practice.

At a look at the previous studies, the conclusion can be made that both theories and practice of journalism are developing fast with the development of the abundance of mass media.

2.2 Style and stylistic

Although style is broad and hard to be given a precise definition, many linguists have been managing to find some of its points and main aspects of meaning. Crystal and Davy in 1969 distinguished following aspects of meaning in their works called Investigating English Style, including personal language habit, literary habit and group linguistic features.

Some other linguists have some concrete definitions. Wales in 1989 defined that style was the manner of expression in writing and speaking. Leech and Short held that style as the linguistic characteristics of a particular text (Leech & Short, 1981:12).The style is divided into “High, Middle, and Low” by Miles, Bertonasco and Karns. The aim of “high style” and thus is “loftiness and grandeur”. Therefore, unfamiliar words are usually used make the texts difficult to understand for general readers. On the contrary, “low style” intends to use plain and ordinary words for casual conversation. As its name suggests, “middle style” uses words peculiar to neither extreme. In other words, the words used in middle style are intelligent but not pretentious. Therefore, “middle style” is efficiently used in most of writing. In fact, such classification is the basis of register difference according to medium.

Style is defined and explained differently by different linguists who focus on different aspects. Based on the above style theories, style in this thesis will be explained with the following three propositions:

(1) Style changes in correlation with medium-broadcasting or newspaper.

(2) Style is a kind of appropriateness. That is, journalists should write appropriately with a different register or variety.

(3) Style should be analyzed based on particular texts which are written by particular journalists.

Stylistics is the study of style, which is also a fuzzy term to be defined. Widdowson provides a definition of stylistics which views “literary discourse from a linguistic orientation” (Widdowson ,1975:3). Wales, whose points of view are similar to Widdowson’s, calls stylistics as “literary stylistics or linguistic stylistics” (Wales, 1989:438). Saussure, one of the founders of modern linguistics, makes a distinction between langue and parole which contributes significantly to stylistics. He calls parole ‘speaking’ and the general system of langue ‘language’ (Sampson, 1980:45). In other words, “Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.”(Hu Zhuanglin, Liu Runqing,& Li Yanfu, 1988:27)

To be more specific, langue is the generalized rule of the language while parole is the application of the rules. Therefore, stylistic choices are manifested in the parole while describing the nature of the choices has some relationship with language.    Therefore, the key aspects of stylistics can be summed up as follows:

(1) Stylistics is an inter-discipline branch of learning.

(2) Stylistics is linked with linguistics.

(3) Stylistics involves both literary and non-literary study of their style.

(4) Stylistics choices should be appropriately made with the context.

Chapter 3 The main differences between broadcast news and paper news 第3章 广播新闻和报纸新闻的主要区别

3.1 Differences in lexical level

Vocabulary is a fundamental and important part of any language. There are thousands of words in the English language. Then, what kinds of words are preferred in broadcasting news and what are preferred in that of the choice of words in newspaper?

Since the broadcasting news is communicated by the cable, the audiences only can acquire information by way of listening. The words in broadcasting news are comparatively more simple and easier to understand.

Example 1

remunerate vs. pay

imbibe vs. drink

peruse vs. read

eschew vs. avoid

accord vs. agree

arrest vs. hold

important vs. key

delegation vs. mission

As for these words, the first group often appears in newspaper while the second group usually heard in broadcasting news. It is quite evident that the first group is very formal and literary while the second group is informal and spoken. They prefer different styles of words for the same purposes, one for easy understanding when being listened to while the other for accurate expressions when being read.

Example 2

Obama administration is revealing a new set of proposed budget cuts, totaling about $17 billion.(VOA, May8th,2009)

WASHINGTON -- US President Barack Obama sent Congress a detailed budget. Obama unveiled his cuts would amount to $17 billion, in a budget totaling well over $3 trillion for the fiscal year that begins in October.(China Daily, May8th,2009) 

The two media employed different words and expressions to convey the same information. VOA employed “revealing” and “total about” while China Daily used “unveiled” and “amount to”. It is quite obvious that they are quite suitable to their respectively styles for the same targets.

Example 3:

Light, sweet crude for May delivery rose 91 cents to settle at ﹩51.13 per barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange, after briefly falling below the ﹩50 mark for the first time in about two months to ﹩49.75.(Newsweek, April 14,2005)

The World Health Organization says the number of confirmed cases of swine flu Influenza A (H1N1) has climbed past 2,000.(VOA, May 8,2009)

Both listeners and readers can grasp the main information of broadcasting or newspaper reporting within the least amount of time since one of the distinctive features of news reporting is concise and conspicuous.  The way of dealing with numbers in broadcasting and newspaper reports is one scheme to achieve such purpose as possessing the qualities of correctness and clearness. In Newsweek, it is quite precise and clear to enlist these numbers to arise the readers’ attention and interests while the second piece of news intends to give a general idea of the event since there is no accurate number by far.

3.2 Differences in grammatical level

The sentences in newspaper are more apt to be long and complex while the sentences in broadcasting news are intended to be more short and simplified since the newspaper readers depends on reading while broadcasting audiences are leaning on listening. Therefore, the former can re-read when unable to understand while the audiences have no such opportunity since the news are broadcast for only one time.

Example 1:

The reason for this appeal to torch and execution of noncombatants, as given to me on Thursday morning by General von Lutwitz, military governor of Brussels, was this on Wednesday while the German military commander of the troops of Louvain was at the Hotel de ville talking to the Burgomaster, a son of the Burgomaster with an automatic pistol shot the chief of staff and German staff surgeons.(Derived from That night the Germans were like men after an orgy by Ri Chard Harding Davis, 1914)

A huge fire is burning in a major market area of the capital Vientiane. At least 7 people were injured. There have been 8 reported explosions in Vientiane in the last 14 months. It is mot known if the explosions and the fire Tuesday are related. Lao officials believe ethnic Houamuang rebels carried out the bombing attacks. The rebels deny and involvement.(VOA, April 14,2003)  

The first news contain more than 60 words in one sentence while the second piece of news is made up of 6 short sentences with about 10 words each. The first sentence is long and complex, which appear often in Newspaper while the sentences in the second news are concise and simple, which often show in broadcasting news.

The sentences in newspaper are more likely to employ direct speech while broadcasting news would prefer to indirect speech.

Example 2

A crowd of demonstrators threw rocks at government buildings in western Afghanistan today to protest recentcivilian deaths that they blame on U.S. air-strikes. Residents of the town of Farah said there was some gunfire as police faced off against the protesters. Health officials said at least four people were wounded. (VOA, May 8th, 2009)

“They appear to be a diversionary tactic, an effort to change the subject away from the unprecedented debt this budget heaps on future generations,” said House Republican Leader John Boehner of Ohio.( China Daily, May 8th , 2009)

In broadcasting news, the source of news is not mentioned to avoid the influence of the broadcasting while the source of news in newspaper is clear and precise in order to be exact and persuasive.

Example 3

Lisbon, Dec.29(AFP)……Three armed men wearing wigs held up a Portuguese bank and made off with an undisclosed sum in escudos and Euros….(Financial Times, Feb 5th,2003)

From the BBC World Service in London, the news at three hours GMT. The American Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, has hold a little prospect id a negotiated solution to the standoff between US troops and militants in the Iraqi city of Fulluji.(BBC, April 21,2004)

South Korea nest and the suicide of a top executive at Huandai, he jumped from the 12th floor of the headquarters. At the time of his death he was embroiled in a major bribery scandal involving secret government payment to North Korea. Dana Bash, CNN, the White House.(CNN, August 4th, 2003)

The three pieces of news are employing different openings and closings. The first one is from newspaper with emphasized capitalized words; the second one then announces the source of the news at the very beginning of the news; the third one is more flexible with source set in the closing of the news. These sentences patterns are peculiar to different styles of news and attempt for the same purposes for attention and interests.

3.3 Differences in discourse pattern

After discussing the stylistic features of broadcasting and newspaper on lexical level and grammatical level respectively, let us look into how sentences are arranged into paragraphs and then form a text which has texture, how the discourse of broadcasting and newspaper are presented. The following parts mainly focus on the stylistic features on semantic level.

Both broadcasting and newspaper share the same discourse pattern called “inverted pyramid structure” since they belong to the same register of English journalism. In other words, both of them consist of three parts: title, lead, and body. However, some differences are manifested between them, especially in the lead and body of news report.

(1) The title

The title of a news report is the most important part and it can be perceived as the soul of the news.  It is the generalization and centralization of the content of a news report by ways of concise and perspicuous words. Readers can select quickly the section which arouses their interests most when they glance at the title of a news report. Usually, the space of the whole page is divided into six or seven columns, each four or five centimeters in width.  Titles can be categorized .into one-column head, double-column head, three-column head, even banner according to the numbers of titles.

As for newspaper, the tile must be the core of the news and it is likely to employ concise and precise. Elliptical and colloquial styles are the common features for newspaper news.&For example:

U.S. ATTACKED

HIJACKED JETS DESTROY TWIN TOWERS AND HIT PERNTAGON IN DAY OF TERROR (The New York Times, Sept.12.2001)

Chinese Web Opens Portals to New Way of Life

Booming Internet Splits Haves and Have-Nots

(Washington Post, Feb. 13, 200)

“Win Some and Lose Some”

Muhammad Ali’s daughter talks about girl power, being pretty and slugging it out in China (Newsweek, May 1,2000)

The first title is about the 911 event and it employed the passive voice and elliptical sentence pattern. The second one is “Haves and Have-notes” is colloquial but special. The third one is using indirect speech, which tries to give diverse opinions, interesting the readers.

(2) The Lead

Lead is an inseparable part of news since it is the generalization and concentration of the meaning of the whole news event. Based on the lead, a reader can make a critical decision whether they will continue to listen or read. Announcers or editors can keep the lead only when little time or less space is left. The most important and interesting part of a story is often stated to tell the main point of the story and to attract the reader's attention.  The lead of a news report, which is usually the first paragraph and is supposed to convey a wealth of information within the least space, usually reveals several fundamental elements-character (who), time (when), place (where), event (what), cause (why), and manner (how) in the most precise and concise language. However, it is different for newspaper news and broadcasting news in this aspect.

Example:

Tens of thousands of people sang hymns, prayed with rosaries and waved Polish flags as they packed the cobbled streets leadingup to the Vatican to say an emotional farewell toa much-loved leader of the world’s Roman Catholics.(CNN, April 8,2005)

For the same news, CNN employed only 39 words to be the lead, trying to be concise and understandable by only giving- character (who), time (when), place (where), event (what); USA TODAY used 95 words, including character (who), time (when), place (where), event (what), cause (why), and manner (how).

(3) Narrative structure

Although both broadcasting and newspaper share unique “inverted pyramid structure” and the characteristics of title are essentially the same, the features of lead and body of broadcasting are different from newspaper in that the purpose of broadcasting is providing quick and up-to-date information several times a day and renewed from time to time while newspaper is providing more detailed information.

For newspaper news, they prefer to employ “inverted pyramid structure”, which organize the structure with the importance. They intends to put the most important, the most interesting in the very beginning of the report and then add some less important details and background information in the latter part. Thus the newspaper readers can have a glance what is happening if they have no time to read details. However, the broadcasting news structure is not so restricted to “the inverted pyramid structure” since the news in broadcast often takes up a period rather a moment and therefore the broadcasting news can be flexible to give as more as possible about the event in order to inform the audience enough information and background.

Chapter 4 Conclusion

Although the broadcasting news and newspaper news belong to the same register of language-journalism, they are different in some aspects. The above studies are mainly three levels including the lexical level, the grammatical level and discourse level.

From the mention examples and analysis, we can learn that words in broadcasting are more simplified and colloquial, easier to understand on order to be influent. Words in newspaper are more likely to be formal and precise. Numbers in broadcasting are general and not so exact while the numbers in newspaper are accurate and detailed in order to be persuasive.

As for the grammatical level, broadcasting news are employing more short and simple sentences while the news in newspaper are apt to be much longer and complex. As for the discourse level, the newspapers have fresh and attracting titles to draw the attention of readers while the broadcasting news usually do not have titles. As for the lead part, the newspaper news wants to contain to hold the most elements so as to be overall and accurate while the lead part in broadcasting is likely to be concise in order to be more understandable.

As for the mentioned studies, it can be safe to say that broadcasting news writing and newspaper writing have differences, owing to the different means of communication and the journalists of different fields are supposed to obey different principles if they want pretty works in practical writing.

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