Forensic science and criminal investigation research--paper代写范文精选

51Due论文代写平台paper代写范文:“Forensic science and criminal investigation research”，这篇论文主要描述的是介绍了在当今的司法体系当中，法医学的地位变得越来越重要，通过法医来对犯罪现场的证物进行检测，为案件的侦破提供新的关键线索，并有着科学的结果作为法律的佐证，这使得诉讼的流程变得更加真实可靠。    

A forensic Science is the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. It is about the presentation of scientific information in a court of law with legal powers.

Forensic science is basically required to aid an investigation by using factual, unbiased, objective scientific evidence to determine whether a crime has been committed, who was responsible for this crime and whether there is enough evidence to support a prosecution. This evidence is essential in criminal investigations as the responsibility in a court lies with the prosecution to prove guilt, not the defense to prove innocence.

Forensic science is a relatively new area for study and has been highlighted and popularized by the media and the present scenario of terrorism in Pakistan.

引言——INTRODUCTION

Advancements in forensic science are revolutionizing criminal justice system. From collection of evidence at crime scenes to presentation of analyzed results in courtrooms, forensic technology has improved the quality and accuracy of criminal investigations. Forensic techniques include latent fingerprint examination, controlled substance identification and DNA analysis. Investigators who use these tools to evaluate evidence can solve cases that otherwise would have remained mysteries. The success of forensic analysis has prompted lawmakers to expand existing state policies. Examples of emerging forensic applications include expansion of DNA databases, dynamic property crimes investigation and creation of cold case units.

Forensics’ potential benefits for the criminal justice system currently are hampered by practical concerns about lab capacity, insufficient funding and a scarcity of appropriately trained personnel.

It is true that controlling terrorism is a serious issue but in present obsolete arrangements and resources of security and intelligence we see failures visible every day. Nation is also asking questions that why the claims of the Interior Minister seem hollow and without any strength when Government is seen extremely helpless and without any string in their hands to find a positive solution of these crisis.

Today it is quite difficult to control terrorism through human resources alone. Technological advancement has given an edge to western nations who have achieved a great success in controlling terrorism after 9/11, We need to be realistic in thinking about it. It is true that the prime responsibility of the miseries of Pakistani nation comes on the shoulder of USA which dragged Pakistan into an unwanted war against Osama Bin Ladin’s Al Qaeda and Taliban, but being a developed nation and super power too America made all necessary arrangements to prevent US homeland from seeing any sort of terrorist attack after 9/11. But Pakistan, due to lack of technology and due the absence of any coordinated and coordinated intelligence system paid heavy price and bearing the loss every day and night with no hope of curbing this assault of terrorists in the near future.

Today a stiff plan is needed and crash program should be initiated to revamp the whole internal security system in Pakistan. A combination of human resources and modern technology supported by effective legislation can together put a serious impact and bring peace to the nation. In presence of a truly nonporous and fool proof security system can ensure that no further terrorist attacks would be seen on our soil. We must understand that it is the responsibility of our own Government to take this matter seriously otherwise the world is finding too easy to blame Pakistan and call it a hub of global terrorism. The effects of our failures are enormous when we lost all foreign investment, sporting events and lot more.

Following technologies must be overlooked in order to bring peace and order in our country. I believe that if a single step is taken towards it, rest of the steps will be aided by ALLAH ALMIGHTY HIMSELF.

FORENSIC DNA TECHNOLOGIES:

DNA DATABASES:

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory’s Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is computer software that allows forensic laboratories at the national, state and local levels to compare DNA samples. CODIS enables state and local laboratories to use the database in accordance with state and local laws. CODIS compares a newly secured sample of forensic evidence against two distinct indexes. The first, the convicted offender index, contains DNA profiles of people who have been convicted of crimes. The second, the forensic index, contains DNA profiles obtained from crime scene evidence, such as semen, saliva or blood. CODIS computer software searches these indexes to link new samples to those already loaded in the database.A match to the new sample is referred to as a “hit.”These include samples that successfully match crime scenes to offenders, offenders to crime scenes.

Case Work:

Forensic technology and properly preserved evidence also are used to investigate cold cases—those cases that remain unsolved and have been shelved after all leads have been exhausted. Advances in forensic technology, such as the ability to test evidence once considered insufficient for analysis, allows some cases to be reopened. Most big city police departments have units that are devoted to unsolved homicides; they boast a growing list of success stories, for example, the police department put an offender behind bars in 2007 after reanalyzing evidence from a 2003 sexual assault. Such offenders would remain free if not for cold case investigations.

PROPERTY CRIMES:

Using DNA to investigate property crimes is another emerging area of forensic science; research supports its value. According to the FBI, property crimes cost Americans an estimated $17.6 billion in 2007. Those who commit property crimes often are serial offenders who also commit more serious crimes.

Compared to traditional fingerprint evidence, DNA evidence more often leads to suspects and results in more arrests. These findings suggest that usingDNA evidence to solve property crimes is a viable way to make communities safer.

IDENTIFICATION OF MISSING OR UNIDENTIFIED PERSONS:

The missing persons problem is one that cannot be ignored. Linking missing persons to human remains provides closure for the friends and families of the victims. DNA analysis helps technicians catalogue unidentified human remains and link them to missing persons. By using residual DNA on toothbrushes and cigarette butts and collecting samples from familial DNA donors, the DNA of those reported missing can be uploaded into the CODIS missing persons database.

BUILDING FORENSIC SCIENSE CAPACITIES TO FIGHT CRIME:

To help fight crime with technical means, there has been an increasing need for enhanced Education in forensic awareness and forensic science. The project “Developing Education, Skills and Capacity in Forensic Awareness and Forensic Science” aims to address this issue and to improve the detection of crime, enhancing the conviction rate. To this end, the project will build educational and training capacities in forensic awareness and forensic science. The ultimate goal is to provide more knowledgeable and better skilled academic communities and public workforces, and put in place more effective techniques and processes that will have a positive impact upon crime detection and resolution and, ultimately, prevention.

2. DEVELOPING CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE:

THIS can facilitate the sharing of learning and provide a forum for interaction. These will include the police and law enforcement agencies, forensic laboratories and legal systems. They can have the opportunity to learn from the project partners and to contribute to discussions.

Furthermore, the physical capacity to undertake forensic learning and analysis should be expanded by the purchase of strategically targeted equipment that can provide both a learning and research resource.

3. STAFF AND CURRICULLA DEVELOPMENT:

Teaching staff can upgrade and enhance their forensic science qualifications in a number of ways. Regular meetings involving staff development workshops focusing on specific knowledge and skills can bring fruitful results.

4. FORENSIC MANAGEMENT TEAM:

It is recommended that a forensic management team (FMT) be established before any forensic analysis is performed. The FMT should contain laboratory staff with training in criminology, and also the appropriate law enforcement and State officials. The participants in the FMT should be confident especially with regard to the conditions covering any confidentiality or non-disclosure agreement

CONFIDENCE IN CONCLUSIONS:

ANALYTICAL DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES

Because the results of forensic investigation could be used as evidence in a criminal prosecution, or can affect international estimates of proliferation and threats of terrorism, it is essential that the data and their interpretation be credible. Adherence to chain of custody procedures should ensure that the analytical results correspond to evidence collected at the incidence site. Proper quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) procedures within forensics laboratory will ensure confidence in the analytical data.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY As required by good analysis protocol, all analytical results should state the precision of the measurement and any potential sources of error not reflected in the precision. In the absence of bias, the precision of the measurement can place bounds on which sources and processes could produce material with the given signature. Although increasing the precision of a given measurement could narrow the field of potential sources or processes that produced the material.

As it is often more efficient to perform additional measurements using independent techniques (techniques that verify the presence or absence of different signatures than those verified by the initial technique).

NUCLEAR FORENSICS LABORATORY:

The evidence should be sent for analysis to a nuclear forensics laboratory equipped to receive and process such samples. It may be possible to send the traditional forensic evidence to a police crime laboratory and the nuclear forensic evidence to a nuclear analysis laboratory. However, it is highly likely that the two types of evidence are mixed, so that the traditional forensic evidence is contaminated with radioactive material and the radioactive material contains some forensic evidence. Therefore, the receiving nuclear forensics laboratory should be able to handle radioactive material and carefully separate the traditional forensic evidence from the radioactive material for later analysis by experts in each discipline. Consequently, it is advisable to send the sample to a laboratory skilled in nuclear forensic analysis that combines the capabilities of the crime laboratory and the nuclear forensics laboratory.

Nuclear forensics laboratories should be outfitted and staffed to handle contaminated evidence and to accommodate the requirements of both the traditional forensic and nuclear analyses. The nuclear forensics laboratory needs to be appropriately licensed to receive the evidence being shipped. The receiving facility needs to be able to handle large amounts of nuclear material, yet still be able to analyse trace level of the material constituents and environmental types of material. Consequently, the nuclear forensics laboratory has to be free from fixed and dispersible background contamination to ensure that there is no chance of cross-contamination between samples.

CURRENT ARRANGEMENT

Forensic Science is broadly divided into three parts.Medical , laboratory and field services. But these are not strictly exclusive and may overlap whenever there arises a need to do so. Also ,depending upon the nature and type of the crime and evidence collected, many forensic disciplines could be involved at the same time in detection of the crime. Field sciences generally include crime scene investigation of area like fire and explosion scene and secret drug laboratories. Medical services deal with pathology, psychiatry, Psychology, forensic medicine and dentistry. Laboratory services include chemistry, biology, toxicology, ballistics, fingerprints and marks and impressions.

It is felt that clinical scientists make better scientists as the vast range of skills that are acquired and developed in their laboratories , easily get transferred to a forensic science laboratory.

Training in Forensic Science and criminology is available both through universities and specialised institutes at postgraduate level. Graduates in Science (preferably Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Zoology, Biochemistry or Applied Sciences) are required for the M.Sc. and certificate courses. Graduation in Law (LL.B) is a must for diploma in Criminology and Criminal Administration. Master's degree in Psychology/ Social Work is essential if you want to get a Diploma in Guidance and Counselling. Courses are also available in many areas related to Forensic Science including chemistry, biology, serology, ballistics, toxicology, documentation and photography.

The various avenues available in a typical Forensic Science Laboratory are as follows:Medical Examiner: The applicants for this post must have a medical degree. The medical examiner gets the highest pay. One is required to handle dead bodies and their dissection. The forensic odontologist (related to dentistry) also requires a medical degree. These experts generally work as consultants.

Crime Laboratory Analyste

The crime laboratory analysts command a decent pay, work in the lab with stable work hours. They also have to perform dissection of the dead bodies. For any of the specialities, a bachelor's degree in a natural science is required. The microanalysis section provides greater variety. So, if ONE IS interested in DNA testing, then a degree in biology with genetics and biochemistry is required. The person who is interested in critical components of crime-busting operation such as trace evidence examination', a degree in chemistry with courses in optical mineralogy, micro-biology, botany and textile is the eligibility. At time, for the analysis of the evidence, the help of other specialists from areas like entomology, anthropology, zoology and botany etc., is taken.

Forensic Engineer：

The work of a forensic engineer is similar to crime scene examiner. This expert deals with cases arising out of traffic accidents, fire investigations and other such wrongful injury cases. Generally, these specialities include electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering and traffic engineering.Crime Scene Examiner:

There are no fixed hours of working as the crime scene examiner has to carry out his work whenever and wherever the crime takes place. He has to be metally tough to be able to handle dead bodies and other misery situations. The eligibility criteria to become a crime scene examiner is a bachelor's degree either in a natural science with emphasis in law enforcement and crime scene processing or a criminal justice degree with emphasis in natural science.

A postgraduate degree in Forensic Science enables students to pursue careers in the forensic industry, risk assessment industry, insurance claims and accident investigation. These graduates are also well suited for positions in chemical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, petroleum and food industries and government agencies because the subjects in the course are heavily drawn from chemistry and molecular biology.

NUMBER OF UNIVERSITIES HAS STARTED THIS FORENSIC EDUCATION PROGRAM IN PAKISTAN OWING THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS KNOWLEDGE IN MODERN DAY WORLD.

1. PUNJAB UNIVERSITY, LAHORE.Has started Diploma in Criminology & Security Studies.Course includes following major subjects

1. Crime and Criminality

2. Research Methods in Criminology

3. Corruption Studies

4. Introduction to Behavioral Sciences

5. Criminal Justice System of Pakistan

6. Criminal Law and Penal Code of Pakistan

7. Criminal Investigation

8. Forensic Science in Criminology

2. Government College University, diploma prog. In forensic Chemistry.has launched one-year diploma in Forensic Chemistry from the current session 2009-10. The course has been initiated to provide forensic analysts to forensic laboratories to be opened by the government throughout the country.

It is related mainly to lab work of forensic science in order to determine nature of crime. This diploma will boost the scientific investigation of crimes and crime analysis particularly the bomb blast, arson, use of explosive material, chemicals in criminal acts, which are on the rise in the country.

3. LUMHS…….HYDRABADThe Forensic Science Laboratory set up by the Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences at a cost of Rs14.7 million and equipped with state-of-the-art equipment is gathering dust thanks to traditional bureaucratic apathy.The laboratory needs authorisation by Sindh government's health and law departments to start functioning.

There is only one forensic laboratory, the chemical examiner's lab in Karachi, which handles all medico legal cases (MLCs) and resultantly it takes the lab more than two to three months to submit reports to courts.

4. HEC established a forEnsic DNA lab at CEMB lahore...The Higher Education Commission (HEC) has establish a forensic DNA laboratory at National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore with an amount of Rs. 36 million. The Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, established a forensic DNA laboratory as a moderate initiative to develop relevant laboratory infrastructure, create specifically trained manpower, develop DNA databank which can be used at the national level to fight again terrorism, and finally apply procedures developed at CEMB for the identification of humans.

CID sets up digital forensic lab AT Karachi in Jan 2010....Karachi, Crime Investigation Department (CID) of Sindh police have set up a modern digital computer lab to examine and analyze any electronic data found from the scene of crime, which would help in swift and scientific assessment of such data and save a lot of time of investigating officers.

This lab is equipped with all modern digital gadgets and is capable of checking all type of electronic devices and data like hard disks, cell phones, SIM cards, memory cards, CDs and floppy disks found from the scene of crime. This will help in result-oriented and time-saving investigation of high-profile crimes including the incidents of subversion and terrorism. The digital forensic lab would also detect missing and deleted computer files and Internet data, email addresses, pass words, pictures, video files, corrupted files or data, email, cell phone chatting record. It would give a lot of boost to police investigation and help in solving complicated cases, swiftly.

PAKISTANS FIRST DNA FORNSIC LAB LAUNCHED IN 2006 IN ISLAMABAD

The DNA laboratory has been established by the National Police Bureau underits National Forensic Science Programe (NFSP) at a cost of Rs8 million. Pakistan established its first DNA test laboratory in Islamabad with the assistance of China to investigate complicated terrorism and criminal cases. The government of China provided the technology and equipment for the laboratory. It has facilities for testing cases related to microbiology, ballistics and explosives, chemical examination and toxicology. In recent years, the scientific advances have served to stimulate a greater public awareness and use of DNA evidence in civil and criminal proceedings. The Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Public Security of China has trained two of Pakistani scientists in the latest DNA technology.

FORNSIC DIVISION NEEDS ASSIGNMENT TO START....IN KARACH

The forensic division of the Sindh police has requested the capital city police to inform them about crime incidents in time so that they can respond to the situation, collect forensic evidence and conduct crime scene management, it has emerged.Three crime-scene management teams have been formed at the forensic division, which will work in three shifts.

Each team comprises five to seven personnel,

On the other hand, three major offences have been identified to which these teams could respond to —

house and bank robberies,

kidnapping for ransom

murder.

Similarly, the teams will also conduct forensic investigation at crime-scene of terrorist acts. Utilising the first tranche of Rs12.5 million which had been provided under the Access to Justice Programe, the division had purchased seven stereo microscopes for the Karachi office, electrostatic equipment, magnifying glasses, digital camera and a pickup vehicle.The official expressed the hope that by the end of this year the facility would be up and running.

FUTURE PROSPECTIVES:

Forensic Psychology (F.P) to be applied in Legal Syste

Law and psychology are much inter linked. In Pakistan there is lack of psychologists and no. of F.P is nominal. Advanced countries with well established legal system assessed the requirement of involvement of F.P and soon dissolved it well. As a contrast, our nation never realized its need and never intentionally applied efforts. So far the traces of F.P we see in our legal system is merely inherited. Forensic psychology can do considerable good to our system through its insertion in;

Judicial system

Police

In Legislation

It is not necessary to explain that how would it help us in our legal system, as it is already explained earlier. But its Criminal law in Pakistan needs few reforms. Quite laws require more efficiency as the criminals often escapes the true or appropriate punishment they deserves. There should be certain scale for determining the punishment, not only considering the nature but the intensity of offence as well.

The judges with help of forensic psychologists can come to a better and more accurate conclusion regarding mental state of both defendant and plaintiff

SUGGESTIONS:

I have some effective suggestions for the improvement of Law and Order situation in Pakistan. which I need to share with the readers and would want Government officials to consider seriously

* There is no record of intercity movement in Pakistan. In present circumstances inter city movement record is to be maintained seriously without it no tracing of individual is possible. Further, random audit of National Identity Cards is necessary to ensure the validity of the data available. SIM placed ID cards may be issued to every individual who is not residing in the city of his residence. People without carrying those ID cards and if they are found away from their city of residence must be interrogated. Proper arrangements may be made in the exit and entry points of every city with Biometric security devices plus swapping machines connected to NADRA’s (National Database Registration Authority) database. A special computer program should be developed to track the movement of individuals from one city to another.

* The passports and immigration system is to be strengthened and an Independent body should be created which should randomly check the validity and authenticity of passports issued to various individuals in Pakistan. It is believed that there is a huge chance of issuance of passports to fake identities. Further, those individuals who have been issued passports must also submit the copies of their passport to this neutral authority which would issue verification certificate every year. This authority can at any time call the individual personally for verification of his/her passport if they find something unusual about their data during checking. The issuance of visa to the foreigners should also be properly monitored. Especially those individuals who are given visa immunity should be given special SIM placed ID cards during the time period of their stay in Pakistan.

* The proper protection of borders is extremely necessary now. We can take the help our trusted friend China to completely seal our borders from both Eastern and Western side. Where necessary strong concrete wall can be built and where possible, barbed wire protection should be ensured. The border if once completely sealed then we would not bear any more allegations of cross border support to terrorism. This is extremely necessary and the action must be taken seriously with electric speed. The border would be guarded with security cameras and detectors through computerized system which can report any attempt to damage the wall or barbed wire protection immediately to the nearest check post of watch tower.

* Online FIR and secret information reporting system should be introduced with the link to National Security Agency ( A new body which should look after the internal security matters) and every person can report any incidence online and can get the complain number and copy of his complaint at once.

* Judiciary shall be completely free of any political involvement

* Educational Institutions should become free from all kind of politics.

* Intelligence agencies should be automated and made conversant with latest technology. New Institutes may be set to encourage brave people to join the intelligence force and latest technology in forensic investigation be introduced.

The above are very basic requirements to be fulfilled to ensure that no further terror threat can hit our nation again. We should together formulate a clear cut policy because compromising on our national security would throw our generations into ultimate catastrophe.

We should also come up with more suggestions and more contribution of thoughts which would help us to fight together with the monster of terrorism. Today it is needed that from strong military action to subsequent rehabilitation and development of the effected parts of the country, the nation should stand shoulder to shoulder and be ready for any sacrifice which our motherland asks from us. We have a great responsibility towards our nation and people of Pakistan are united in curbing terrorism completely.

CONCLUSION:

Advancements in forensic science have helped states increase the effectiveness of their criminal justice systems. Forensic laboratories that are adequately equipped and staffed with well-trained personnel are able to make the best use of these technologies.Federal funding combined with a monetary and regulatory commitment from state and local governments will help to ensure the appropriate application of forensic technology.

51Due原创版权郑重声明：原创范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。

51due为留学生提供最好的作业代写服务，想获取更多paper代写范文，亲们可以进入主页 www.51due.com  为留学生提供paper代写服务，了解详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ:800020041哟。-xz